Shrubs erect or procumbent, to 2 m, rarely small trees, dioecious; ultimate branchlets densely arranged, mostly straight, usually 4-angled, sometimes terete. Leaves both scalelike and needlelike; needlelike leaves usually present on young trees, in whorls of 3, ascending, 3-8 mm, apex acuminate; scalelike leaves decussate or sometimes in whorls of 3, closely appressed, rhombic, 1.2-2 mm, abaxial gland central, or basal in needlelike leaves, oblong or linear, depressed, leaf apex obtuse. Pollen cones subglobose or ovoid, 2-3 mm; microsporophylls 6-8, each with 2or 3 pollen sacs. Seed cones erect, black-brown when ripe, subglobose or ovoid, 6-13 × 5-8 mm, 1(or 2)-seeded. Seeds ovoid, slightly flattened, 5-6 × ca. 4 mm, smooth or obscurely ridged.
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A shrub. It grows 2 m tall. The end small branches are densely arranged and often 4 angled. Young trees have needle like leaves in a ring. The seed cones are black when ripe.
Upper montane coniferous forest and woodland, sometimes forming pure stands, to alpine heath and grassland and into the bare moraines and scree of the niveous zone; at elevations from 3,600-4,800 metres.
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It is a subtropical plant.
Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
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