Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S.Johnson

Macadamia nut (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Proteales > Proteaceae > Macadamia

Characteristics

High shrub to medium-sized tree, 5-15(-?) m, several-stemmed at the base, specially in cultivation. Leaves mostly in whorls of 4, at least the upper ones of a twig, middle ones ± ternate, inferior ones subopposite, oblong-oblanceolate, shortly subacutely acuminate and often mucronate, ± truncate or contracted at the base, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely provided with fulvous or pallid hairs underneath, regularly spiny-serrate with c. 35-40 teeth on each side, 7-25 by 2-4½ cm; nerves 13-20 pairs, reticulations dense, finely prominent; petiole 0-2 mm. Racemes axillary or ?ramiflorous, ± pendulous, densely rufous-patent-pilose or nearly tomentose, 12-30 cm incl. the 2-5 cm long peduncle; rhachis rather slender. Bracts subulate to filiform, c. 2 mm, irregularly inserted in pseudo-whorls, some of them subtending a pair of flowers. Pedicels in twos, 2-3 mm. Perianth c. 8 mm, usually pale lilac, but occasionally creamy or whitish, +-densely appressed-hairy outside, glabrous inside. Filaments c. 2.5 mm; anthers pale, 1.5 mm. Disk glands connate into a cup. Ovary densely fulvous-pilose; style hairy at the base, glabrous towards the clavate top, together with the ovary 8-10 mm. Fruit globose, apiculate, c. 2-3 cm across, glabrous, somewhat rugose, on a very short thick pedicel. Seeds solitary, globose, apiculate, 1.5-2 cm diam., brownish, somewhat shining; testa hard, wrinkled or with shallow depressions, 2(-3) mm thick.
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Tree 3-18 m tall, often branched near base. Adult leaves in whorls of (3-) 4 (-5); petiole 0-4 mm long; lamina oblong to oblanceolate, 7-30 cm long, 1.4-6 cm wide, semi-glossy above, paler below, rigidly coriaceous, sparsely pilose, glabrescent; bases truncate, attenuate to abruptly attenuate; margin weakly undulate, antrorsely spinose; apices acute or subacute, sometimes mucronate; midrib prominent above and below. Conflorescence simple; rachis 5.5-38 cm long; bracts ovate, 0.2-1.4 mm long. Tepals 5.5-15 mm long, 0.35-0.6 mm wide, cream or pink, free or coherent. Filaments 4-10 mm long, adnate to tepals for 3-8 mm. Anthers 0.8-2.5 mm long. Ovary shortly stipitate, 0.2-1.2 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide; style 7-12 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm diam. Fruit globose, 2.4-5 cm long, 1.5-5 cm wide; pericarp 2-9 mm thick. Seeds 2.6-3 cm long, 1.6-2.4 cm wide; testa wrinkled to smooth, 2-6 mm thick.
Small or medium-sized tree, usually with several trunks. Lvs in whorls of (3)-4, subsessile or shortly petiolate. Lamina 12-25 × 3-6.5 cm, narrow-oblong or oblong-obovate, very coriaceous, with undulate, spiny-serrate margins, glabrous except when very young; base ± truncate or broad-cuneate; apex acute or mucronate. Racemes ± = lvs, pendulous, composed of many small fragrant white fls. Peduncle and pedicels densely clothed in rufous hairs; fls in fascicles of 2-4. Perianth 8-10 mm long, rather densely clothed in appressed hairs outside. Anthers 1.7-1.8 mm long, > free portion of filament. Ovary and style densely clothed in rufous hairs. Fr. 2.5-3.5 cm diam., globose, apiculate; endocarp shining brown, thick. Seed large.
A tree which grows 8-15 m high. It spreads to 6-8 m wide. It has a spreading bushy habit. Young growth is red. Young leaves are coarsely toothed. The leaves are 6-30 cm long by 2-5 cm wide. They occur in whorls or rings of 3-5 leaves but usually 4 in a ring. The leaves are stiff and dark green. There are coarse spines on the edge of the leaf. The flowers are in dense stalks 15-45 cm long which hang down from the axils of leaves. The flowers are 1 cm long and slender. They are pink or white and densely hairy. The fruit are 2-3.5 cm across and green and leathery. The nuts are the same size. They are brown and rough. (It produces natural hybrids with Macadamia integrifolia.)
Trees or shrubs, 3-18 m tall. Leaves in whorls of (3-)4(-5); leaf subsessile or with petiole to 4 mm; leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, leathery, base truncate to ± cordate, margin regularly spiny serrate; apex acute to shortly acuminate. Inflorescences axillary, simple, 5.5-38 cm, densely brownish yellow tomentose; bracts of flower pairs subulate to linear, 0.2-1.4 mm. Pedicel 2-3 mm. Perianth yellowish or pink, 5.5-15 mm, tomentose. Ovary and base of style brownish yellow pubescent. Fruit globose, 1.5-5 cm in diam., apex apiculate. Seed usually 1, testa bony, wrinkled or with shallow depressions. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Nov-Dec.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 8.0 - 9.0
Mature height (meter) 10.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a subtropical plant. It can grow from temperate to tropical climates. It is grown in the highlands in the tropics. It grows naturally in Australia in the rainforest. It suits humid locations. It can grow in full sun or light shade. It will tolerate light frost. It needs a well-drained soils and benefits from mulching. It is more cold resistant than the Macadamia integrifolia. In Melbourne Botanical Gardens. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
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In or near rainforests. Found mainly on alluvial situations bordering rivers and creeks where the fertile volcanic soils are rich in humus.
In or near rainforests. Found mainly on alluvial situations bordering rivers and creeks where the fertile volcanic soils are rich in humus.
In lowland rain-forest or rain-forest edges. Fl. Sept.-Oct., fr. Jan.-Febr.
Grows in rainforest.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The nuts are eaten raw, roasted, fried or used in ice cream, nut butters, confectionery, bread, salads, sauces, cakes, biscuits, soups and milk shakes. The nuts are rich in oil.
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Uses. Similar to those of M. ternifolia; the variation in the thickness of the testa (shell) is also similar to that in M. ternifolia, specially in cultivated specimens.
Uses food gene source oil
Edible nuts seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed. Fresh seed should be used and seeds germinate and grow easily. Budding or grafting onto seedlings is possible. They can be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 14 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Macadamia tetraphylla unspecified picture

Distribution

Macadamia tetraphylla world distribution map, present in Australia, China, Fiji, Honduras, and New Zealand

Conservation status

Macadamia tetraphylla threat status: Endangered

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705200-1
WFO ID wfo-0000452229
COL ID 3WWR3
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 706508
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Macadamia tetraphylla