Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching

Swordfern (en)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Thelypteridaceae > Phegopteridoideae > Macrothelypteris

Characteristics

Plants 60-150 cm tall. Rhizomes short, erect or ascending, with dense reddish brown hairy linear-lanceolate scales at apices. Fronds clustered; stipes 30-70 cm, grayish green, when dry stramineous, bases shortly hairy, distally subglabrous; laminae triangular-ovate, 30-80 × 20-50 cm, not tapering at bases, 3-pinnate, acuminate and pinnatifid at apices; pinnae ca. 15 pairs, subopposite, stalks 2-2.5 cm; proximal pairs largest, oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 × 4-12 cm, bases slightly tapering, acroscopic sides parallel with rachises, 2-pinnate, apices acuminate; pinnules of 1-pinnate laminae 15-20 pairs, alternate, distal ones ± adnate to costae and decurrent and connected to each other, proximal several pairs shortly stalked, lanceolate, 3-10 × 0.8-2 cm, rounded-truncate at bases, pinnatifid, acuminate at apices; segments 10-15 pairs, approximate, lanceolate, 4-12 × 2-3 mm, bases connected to each other by narrow wings, margins entire or often sharply lobate, apices obtuse or bluntly pointed; second pair of pinnae of similar shape as proximal pair, but not tapering at bases and gradually shortened. Veins not evident, veinlets simple or forked on sharply lobate segments, 3-7 pairs per segment. Laminae herbaceous, when dry dark brownish green, with more grayish white multicellular spreading long acicular hairs and capitate short glands abaxially, adaxially with short hairs along costae and costules, rachises and costae stramineous, glabrous abaxially, adaxially with multicellular slender hairs. Sori small, 2-6 pairs per segment, attached near ends of veinlets; indusia small, orbicular-reniform, greenish, hidden in mature sori. Sporangia each with 2 or 3 capitate short hairs at top. 2n = 144, 186.
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Caudex short-creeping. Stipe to 50 cm long, glaucous when young, persistent base swollen and fleshy covered with many narrow dark brown scales bearing both acicular and capitate hairs, rest of stipe and rachis smooth. Lamina to 70 x 50 cm, deeply tripinnatifid, pinnae 12-15 pairs, sub-basal ones longest; largest pinnae 20x9 cm, deltoid, pinnate with all pinnules but lowest adnate to a narrowly green-winged pinna-rachis; pinnules oblique to pinna-rachis, largest 5-8 x 1.5-2.5 cm, acuminate, cut almost to costa into oblique dentate to deeply lobed segments 2.5-4 mm wide, largest to 12 mm long; costae and costules bearing scattered pale slender hairs on lower surface, some of them multicellular and over 1 mm long; whole lower surface of lamina bearing short capitate hairs. Sori globose; indusia very small bearing a few capitate hairs; sporangia bearing 2-3 short capitate hairs.
Rhizome shortly creeping. Fronds arching, herbaceous; stipe glaucous when fresh, stramineous when dry, set with castaneous, ciliate scales at extreme base; lamina deltate-acuminate, c. 0.7 x 0.5 m, 4-pinnatifid, very narrowly winging secondary rhachises, set with translucent unicellular hairs scattered sparsely along veins above and below; pinnules lanceolate-deltate, wider and/or more deeply incised on acroscopic margin, pinnatifid almost to costule; ultimate segments lobed 1/3 to 1/2-way to midvein, obtuse, margin entire to dentate; rhachis and secondary rhachises thickly set with translucent, somewhat matted hairs above, sublabrous below; costae and costules pilose with translucent unicellular hairs c. 0.5 mm long, sparsely pilose with translucent unicellular and multicellular hairs c. 1.5 mm long. Sori round; indusium very small, bearing a few capitate hairs.
Rhizome very short-creeping, to c. 1 cm diam. Frond to 120 cm long, herbaceous, pale green. Stipe to 50 cm long, glaucous when young; persistent base swollen and covered with narrow dark brown scales. Lamina deeply 3-pinnatifid, to 70 cm long, 50 cm wide; pinnae 12–15 pairs; subbasal pinnae longest, to 20 cm long, 9 cm wide, pinnate, with all pinnules but the lowest adnate to a narrow green-winged pinna rachis; largest pinnules to 8 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, cut almost to costa in oblique dentate to deeply lobed segments; costae and costules with ± transparent scattered slender hairs on lower surface; some hairs multicellular and more than 1 mm long; lower surface of pinnule bearing short capitate hairs. Sori c. 0.5 mm diam., rounded-reniform, with a few short capitate hairs. Spores irregularly winged. See also Green (1994: 585).
Rhizome short-creeping, up to 40 mm long, up to 5 mm in diam., scaled. Fronds caespitose, arching, up to 1.4 m long. Stipe stramineous, firm, up to 580 mm long, up to 9 mm in diam., with castaneous scales at base. Lamina deltate-acuminate, up to 1.2 x 0.5 m, 4-pinnatifid, secondary rachises narrowly winged, with translucent unicellular hairs scattered sparsely along veins adaxially and abaxially. Pinnules lanceolate-deltate, wider and more deeply incised on acroscopic margin, pinnatifid almost to costule; ultimate segments lobed, up to 1/3-way to midvein, obtuse, margins entire to dentate. Sori circular, up to 1 mm in diam. Indusium small, bearing a few capitate hairs.
Stems short-creeping, thick, to 10 mm diam. Leaves monomorphic, evergreen, 60--150 cm. Petiole to 75 cm × 3--12 mm, glaucous when living. Blade 2--3-pinnate, to ca. 85 cm. Pinnae to 35 × 10(--17) cm; pinnules sessile to adnate, oblique, 2--8 × 0.8--2.5 cm, incised almost to costule into oblique segments 2--4 mm wide, segments entire to dentate or pinnatifid; veins forked or simple. Indument abaxially of septate hairs 1--2 mm on costae and costules; rachis, costae, and blade tissue with capitate glands 0.05 mm. Sori round, indusia small, less than 0.3 mm diam., glabrous or glandular; sporangia with minute capitate glands near annulus. 2 n = 124.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.6 - 1.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
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Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

In Malesia in open or lightly shaded places in low country, especially in areas with a dry season.
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Grows in open places, usually near water.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 5-7
Soil texture 1-2
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-11

Usage

A reputed folk medicinal fern in SE Asia and China (Zhou et al. 2018 and references therein).
Uses environmental use medicinal
Edible -
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
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Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
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Images

Leaf

Macrothelypteris torresiana leaf picture by Grégoire Blanchard (cc-by-sa)
Macrothelypteris torresiana leaf picture by Alvarado Alberto (cc-by-sa)
Macrothelypteris torresiana leaf picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Macrothelypteris torresiana world distribution map, present in Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, China, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Algeria, Ecuador, Fiji, Micronesia (Federated States of), Grenada, Guatemala, Guam, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Japan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mauritius, Mayotte, Nicaragua, Nepal, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Paraguay, Réunion, Solomon Islands, El Salvador, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Uruguay, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1019960-2
WFO ID wfo-0001107352
COL ID 3XBWT
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448082
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Hypolepis trichodes Aspidium leucopis Aspidium tenericaule Dryopteris alsophiloides Polypodium balansae Polypodium trichodes Lastrea cosmopolita Dryopteris trichodes Polypodium russelianum Phegopteris alsophiloides Polypodium tenericaule Thelypteris uliginosa Aspidium uliginosum Dryopteris tenericaulis Lastrea tenericaulis Polystichum torresianum Phegopteris oligophlebia Macrothelypteris oligophlebia Nephrodium oligophlebium Aspidium mollissimum Macrothelypteris changshaensis Dryopteris lasiocarpa Dryopteris elegans Thelypteris oligophlebia Lastrea oligophlebia Dryopteris oligophlebia Aspidium oligophlebium Dryopteris mollissima Phegopteris trichodes Lastrea setigera Lastrea torresiana Thelypteris torresiana Nephrodium tenericaule Dryopteris uliginosa Macrothelypteris oligophlebia var. elegans Thelypteris uliginosa var. elegans Macrothelypteris oligophlebia var. oligophlebia Thelypteris oligophlebia var. elegans Thelypteris oligophlebia var. lasiocarpa Dryopteris oligophlebia var. lasiocarpa Lastrea uliginosa var. elegans Dryopteris setigera var. pallida Macrothelypteris oligophlebia var. changshaensis Macrothelypteris torresiana

Lower taxons

Macrothelypteris torresiana var. calvata