Malvastrum americanum (L.) Torr.

Indian valley false mallow (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Malvastrum

Characteristics

Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, (0.5–)1–2 m, often bushy-branched in distal 1/2. Stems erect, canescent, hairs tufted (not appressed), 6–8-rayed, infrequently glabrate. Leaves: stipules persistent, lanceolate, subfalcate, 3–5 × 1 mm, apex acuminate; petioles 35–80 mm on proximal leaves, reduced to 10–15 mm on distal leaves and usually on xerophytes; blade wide-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, very shallowly 3-lobed in distal 1/2 or unlobed (in most plants in the flora area), varying from 5–12 × 4–10 cm on proximal leaves to 2–4 × 1.5–3 cm on distal leaves, usually 1–2 times longer than wide, 2 times longer than petiole of proximal leaves to 3–5 times longer on distal leaves, base slightly cordate or rounded to truncate or cuneate, margins dentate to denticulate, apex acute, surfaces stellate-hairy, hairs (5–)6–12-rayed. Inflorescences: first 1 or 2 flowers solitary, axillary, remainder in dense terminal spikes 3–10 cm, these terminating each branch; floral bracts 2-fid, 4–5 × 2 mm. Pedicels 0.1–3 mm, not lengthening in fruit; involucellar bractlets adnate basally to calyx for 1.5–2 mm, lanceolate, subfalcate, 5–7 × 0.8–1.5 mm, equaling to barely exceeding calyx lobes, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers: calyx connate 1/4–1/3 its length, broadly campanulate, 5–6 mm, to 6–10 mm in fruit, surface densely hirsute, hairs scattered, appressed, apically directed, 1–1.5 mm, mixed with minute, closely appressed, 5–8-rayed, stellate hairs; corolla wide-spreading, orange-yellow, 12–17 mm diam., petals obovate, shortly asymmetrically lobed, 6–10 × 4–6 mm, exceeding calyx by 2–3 mm; staminal column 2–3 mm, stellate-puberulent; style (9 or)10–15(–18)-branched. Schizocarps 4–6 mm diam.; mericarps tardily shed from calyx, (9 or)10–15(–18), 1.5–3 × 1.5–2 × 0.8 mm, margins angled, sides radially ribbed, narrowly-notched, with 1 minute, proximal-apical mucro to 0.1 mm, minutely hirsute, hairs ascending, restricted to top, simple, 0.1–0.5 mm. Seeds 1.5 mm. 2n = 24.
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Herbs, perennial, or subshrubs, 0.5-1(-3) m, most parts principally stellate pubescent, also with some simple hairs. Stipules filiform, 4-5 mm; petiole 0.5-3.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to oblong, rarely slightly 3-lobed, 2-6(-7) × 1.2-4(-6) cm, both surfaces stellate pubescent, base acute, obtuse, or truncate to slightly cordate, margin serrate, apex acute to acuminate. Flowers congested into a dense short terminal spike, 1.5-3(-10) × ca. 1 cm, usually only 1 flower open at a time. Epicalyx lobes filiform to lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 × 1.5-2.5 mm, abaxially hispid with simple or bifurcate hairs and minute stellate hairs, adaxially glabrous. Calyx shallowly cup-shaped, 5-6 mm in diam., accrescent to 6-10 mm in fruit, lobes triangular, ca. 4 × 3 mm, abaxially densely hirsute, adaxially minutely stellate pubescent, apex acuminate. Corolla yellow, 1.3-1.7 cm in diam.; petals obliquely obovate, claw stellate ciliate, apex asymmetrically emarginate. Filament tube 2-3 mm, stellate pubescent. Mericarps (5-)8-15(-18), nearly orbicular, (1-)2-2.5 × 1.5-3(-5) mm in diam., cusps absent, endoglossum usually present, minute. Seeds gray, reniform, 1.2-1.7 mm in diam., glabrous.
Herb or suffrutex, perennial, the stem commonly branched above, up to 3 m high, stellate-tomentellous to stellate-puberulus. Leaves usually long-petiolate, the petiole up to 4 cm long, stellate-tomentellous to stellate-puberulus, the stipules subulate, 4-6 mm long; blade ovate, truncate, rounded or cuneate at the base, ob-tuse to acute at the apex, serrate at the margin, 2-7 cm long and 1.5-4.5 cm wide, stellate-puberulus on both sides, the indumentum however denser on the lower surface, the nervation prominent beneath. Flowers in dense, terminal spikes. these up to 14 cm long, the individual flowers sessile or nearly so; epicalyx bractlets nar-rowly ovate, acute or acuminate, 5-9 mm long and 1-1.3 mm broad, hispid; calyx campanulate, lobed to below the middle, 5-8 mm long, hispid, the lobes ovate, acuminate; petals 7-9 mm long and 3-4 mm wide, the claw barbate; androecium 3-5 mm long, the staminal tube stellate-pilose; styles 5-6 mm long, connate in the lower half. Mericarps 10-15, incurved-rostrate at the apex, 1.5-2 mm long and 0.8-1 mm thick, hispid toward the apex; seeds 1.2-1.5 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Open places, often in disturbed soils, growing along roadsides, in ditches and waste places; at elevations up to 1,000 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses animal food medicinal vertebrate poison
Edible -
Therapeutic use Emmenagogue (unspecified), Poison (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Malvastrum americanum leaf picture by Juan Carlos Ordonez (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Malvastrum americanum flower picture by Juan Carlos Ordonez (cc-by-sa)
Malvastrum americanum flower picture by EDMILSON NOGUEIRA (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Malvastrum americanum world distribution map, present in Argentina, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bahamas, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, China, Colombia, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Montserrat, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, El Salvador, Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:561999-1
WFO ID wfo-0000449442
COL ID 3XRFL
BDTFX ID 82672
INPN ID 630086
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Malva gangetica Malva macrostachya Malvastrum macrostachyum Melochia spicata Visenia spicata Malope lutea Malva curassavica Malvastrum trachelifolium Malva spicata Malva timoriensis Malva sublobata Malveopsis macrostachya Malveopsis americana Malvastrum spicatum Malva astrolasia Malva trachelifolia Malveopsis spicata Sphaeralcea americana Malvastrum americanum Malva ovata Malva americana Malva fluminensis Malva brachystachya Malva polystachya Sida betulifolia Malveopsis spicata f. rubra Malvastrum americanum var. americanum Malva spicata var. ovata Malvastrum americanum var. stellatum