Marsilea quadrifolia L.

Water shamrock (en), Marsilée à quatre feuilles (fr), Fougère d'eau à quatre feuilles (fr)

Species

Pteridophytes > Salviniales > Marsileaceae > Marsilea

Characteristics

Rhizomes creeping, with internodes up to 4.8 cm, but internodes occasionally shorter and fronds then appearing tufted; roots arising both at nodes and 1 or 2 on internodes, short shoots 1-3 mm occasionally formed at nodes; main rhizome sparsely pubescent to glabrate. Fronds with stipes green to straw-colored, 10-18 cm, slender, glabrate; pinnae obtriangular to fan-shaped, 0.8-1.6 × 0.7-1.5 cm, margin entire, glabrate above, sparely appressed-pubescent to glabrate below. Sporocarps (1 or)2-5(-7) per frond, attached at base of stipe where stipe joins rhizome or up to 25 mm up stipe, sometimes persistent after decay of frond and then appearing to arise directly from rhizome; peduncles 5-12.5 mm (when 2 or 3 sporocarps on a frond these attached to stipe by a common peduncle 2-8 mm), plus an additional 1.5 mm adnate to sporocarp, glabrate; sporocarp brown to black, elliptic in lateral view, 3.5-4 × 2.9-3.2 × ca. 2 mm, softly leathery, convex on lateral sides, obtuse to rounded on perimeter, usually marked with a distinct tooth 0.3-0.4 mm above end of peduncle, densely appressed-pubescent when young, becoming thinly pubescent to glabrate with age.
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Plants forming diffuse clones. Roots arising at nodes and 1--3 on internodes. Petioles 5.4--16.5 cm, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Pinnae 7--21 × 6--19 mm, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. Sporocarp stalks ascending, frequently branched, attached 1--12 mm above base of petiole; unbranched stalks or ultimate branches of stalks 3--16 mm; common trunk of branched stalks 1--4 mm (rarely 2--3 unbranched stalks attached separately to same petiole). Sporocarps perpendicular to ascending, 4--5.6 × 3--4 mm, 2.3--2.8 mm thick, rounded, oval, or elliptic in lateral view, pubescent but soon glabrate; raphe 1.4--1.9 mm, proximal tooth usually absent, distal tooth absent or 0.1--0.2 mm. Sori 10--17.
Rhizome rooting between as well as the nodes; petioles to 30 cm; lfls glabrous or nearly so, those of emergent lvs 7–30 mm long and wide, those of floating lvs avg a little larger; peduncle attached 1–12 mm above the base of the petiole, 3–20 mm, simple or often branched 1–4 mm above its base to bear 2 or 3 sporocarps; sporocarp 4–5.5 × 3–4 mm, 2.5 mm thick, hairy when young, soon glabrate, the inferior tooth mostly wanting, the superior one wanting or to 0.2 mm; sori 10–17 per sporocarp, with ca 12 microsporangia and 3–7 megasporangia per sorus. In quiet shallow water; native of Europe, locally escaped and established in our range.
A long crawling fern. It can float on water. It has slender creeping rhizomes. It forms roots at the nodes. The young leaves are downy but become smooth. There are 4 triangle shaped leaflets. Each one is 1-2 cm across. The stalks are slender and 15 cm long. The sori or spore bodies, are narrow and enclosed by fronds.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support aquatic
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination hydrogamy
Spread hydrochory
Mature width (meter) 0.5 - 1.0
Mature height (meter) 0.2
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Ponds, ditches and paddy fields in Japan and China. Shallow water of lakes, ponds, or quiet sections of rivers and streams and on wet shores.
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It grows in wet places. It grows in temperate and subtropical places. In Yunnan.
Ponds and paddy fields all over Japan.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 3-12
Soil texture 2-6
Soil acidity 2-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-8

Usage

The young shoots are eaten cooked as a vegetable. They are also cooked in stir-fries and soup. The harvested shoots and leaves can be stored for 5-6 days.
Uses environmental use fodder food green manure medicinal ornamental
Edible fronds leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Amnesia (leaf), Analgesics (leaf), Anticonvulsants (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antihypertensive agents (leaf), Antineoplastic agents (leaf), Antioxidants (leaf), Biliary tract diseases (leaf), Bronchitis (leaf), Conjunctivitis (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Erectile dysfunction (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Hypnotics and sedatives (leaf), Hypoglycemic agents (leaf), Jaundice (leaf), Leprosy (leaf), Nervous system diseases (leaf), Vision disorders (leaf), Cooling effect on body (leaf), Furunculosis (root), Antifungal agents (stem), Alexiteric (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Dyslactation (unspecified), Fracture (unspecified), Impetigo (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Myalgia (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Resolvent (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Trauma (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Abscess (unspecified), Ache(Back) (unspecified), Pimple (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anticonvulsants (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Central nervous system depressants (unspecified), Cholinesterase inhibitors (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Emollients (unspecified), Endophthalmitis (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Eye diseases (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Mental disorders (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by divisions or seedlings.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 28
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Marsilea quadrifolia habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)
Marsilea quadrifolia habit picture by Yoan MARTIN (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Marsilea quadrifolia leaf picture by Marc Solà (cc-by-sa)
Marsilea quadrifolia leaf picture by Severin Ronald (cc-by-sa)
Marsilea quadrifolia leaf picture by den lo (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Marsilea quadrifolia world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Switzerland, China, Germany, Spain, France, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Liberia, Moldova (Republic of), North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, and South Africa

Conservation status

Marsilea quadrifolia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17145350-1
WFO ID wfo-0001109027
COL ID 3Y9C6
BDTFX ID 40985
INPN ID 107407
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Zaluzianskia marsilioides Marsilea coromandelica Marsilea quadrifoliata Pteris quadrifoliata Zaluzianskia quadrifolia Marsilea europaea Lemma quadrifolia Marsilea quadrifolia Spheroidia quadrifoliata