Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Spanish lime (en), Quenettier (fr), Quenette (fruit) (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Sapindaceae > Melicoccus

Characteristics

Dioecious or monoecious tree 10-25 m tall; bark light gray, smooth, with horizontal markings. Stems glabrous, nearly terete. Leaves paripinnate; petioles 2.5-7 cm long, flattened, subterete or less often winged to broadly winged, glabrous; rachis 1.5-3(4.5) cm long, glabrous, winged to broadly winged, or less often unwinged and slightly dorsiventrally flattened; petiolules drying brownish, not pulvinate, ca. 2 mm long; leaflets (2) 4, opposite or subopposite, asymmetric, chartaceous, elliptic, oblong, ovate or obovate, 4-14(20) × 2.2-5(7) cm, glabrous on both surfaces, tertiary veins reticulate, the margins entire, slightly wavy, the apex acute or obtuse, the base attenuate on the petiolule. Thyrses distal, 5-12 cm long; axes glabrous, angled, striate, the staminate inflorescences with 4-8 lateral branches, slightly shorter than the main axis, the pistillate ones with 3-4 mostly basal, short branches; bracts triangular, minute, ciliate on margins; pedicels (2)5-7 mm long, not articulate. Flowers fragrant; sepals 4, greenish, 1.5-2.2 mm long, oblong, concave, glabrous except for the lanate margins, petals 5, cream to yellowish, obovate, 2-2.5 mm long, narrowed at base, rounded at apex, lanate to sparsely lanate on margins, lacking appendages; nectary disc annular, swollen, lobed, glabrous; stamens 8, spreading, the filaments of unequal length, glabrous, ca. 4 mm long in staminate flowers, and 1 mm long in pistillate flowers, anthers dorsifixed, elliptic, ca. 0.6 mm long; ovary glabrous, cylindric-ellipsoid, the style ca. 0.5 mm long, the stigmas bilobed or bilobed-annular, papillate. Fruit subglobose or ellipsoid, green, 2-3.5 cm long, the pericarp coriaceous, ca. 1 mm thick. Seeds 1(2), 1.5-2.5 cm long, with a tan, fleshy, sarcotesta.
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Polygamous, deciduous, slow-growing trees, 6-20 m tall; trunk to 60 cm d.b.h., slightly angled and fluted, the bark gray, smooth, the inner bark orange brown, granular; stems grayish, glabrous. Leaves paripinnate, to 26 cm long; petioles 1.5-7 cm long, sometimes winged near the apex; rachis winged or not; leaflets 2-4, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute to acuminate, acute and inequilateral at the base, nearly sessile, 7-14 cm long, 2.5-6 cm wide. Inflorescences terminal, the branches slender; racemes many flowered, simple or paniculate; pedicels slender, to ca. 3.5 mm long. Flowers white, 6-8 mm diam.; calyx deeply 4-or 5-lobed; petals obovate, to 3 mm long, ciliolate; disc broadly spreading, glabrous, weakly lobed; stamens 8-10; staminate flowers with the stamens to 3.5 mm long, the pistil lack-ing; bisexual flowers with the stamens to ca. 1.5 mm long, the ovary shorter than the petals, ovate, abruptly narrowed at the apex beneath the capitate, 2-lobed stigma. Drupes green to pale yellow, globose, 2-3 cm diam., the pericarp ca. 2 mm thick, smooth, the mesocarp yellowish, translucent, sweet and juicy; seeds globose, 1.5-2 cm diam.
Glabrous tree to 25 m. tall and bole to 1.7 m. diameter, with spreading branches and smooth grey bark.. Leaves 10–16 cm. long; rhachis flattened above, not winged; leaflets in 2–3 pairs, the lower ovate, ± 5–8(–12) cm. long, 2–4(–6) cm. wide, the upper elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 8–11 cm. long, 2.5–5 cm. wide, acute; in young and vigorous leaves the petiole and rhachis may be ± broadly winged and leaflets up to 18 cm. long, 8 cm. wide.. Male inflorescences with several elongate racemose branches, 6–10 cm. long; female usually ± simple.. Flower whitish, 5–8 mm. wide.. Fruits green or yellow, sub-globose, plum-like, 2.5 cm. long, 1.5–2.5 cm. wide, with rather scanty flesh; seed yellowish white, large or 2 hemispherical seeds; aril salmon-coloured or yellowish.
A large evergreen tree. It grows up to 20 m tall. The trunk is smooth and pale grey. The inner bark is orange-brown. The crown is dense, round and compact. Trees are separately male and female. Where bisexual flowers occur these normally do not set fruit unless cross pollinated. The flowers are small and greenish. They are in crowded, long stemmed clusters. The fruit is medium sized with green skin and white or yellow pulp. They are 3 cm across. The skin is tough. There is one seed inside. Fruit hang in clusters near the end of branches and look like grapes. There are several named cultivated varieties.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 18.15 - 19.15
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It suits the hot tropical lowlands. It is native to tropical America. It grows up to 1,000 m above sea level in tropical America. It is sensitive to cold. Plants are damaged by temperatures near freezing. It can grow on a range of soils. It is more common in dry areas. It is resistant to drought. It can weather strong tropical storms. It cannot tolerate frost. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
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Dry coastal limestone woodland. Along the sides of roads, secondary thickets and woodlands at elevations up to 600 metres in Jamaica.
Light 5-7
Soil humidity 3-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 1-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit is eaten fresh. It is also made into drinks and cooked. They are used in pies, jams, jellies, marmalades and drinks. The seeds are roasted and eaten. CAUTION: Because of the size of the fruit and the fact that they are very slippery, care should be taken that they are not swallowed and block the wind pipe of children.
Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Astringent (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The plants vary in quality and yield. Better varieties are air-layered or grafted.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Melicoccus bijugatus leaf picture by Philippe VINCENT (cc-by-sa)
Melicoccus bijugatus leaf picture by Iri Llo (cc-by-sa)
Melicoccus bijugatus leaf picture by christiane Fazer (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Melicoccus bijugatus flower picture by cheriette van der lugt (cc-by-sa)
Melicoccus bijugatus flower picture by Melo Rodriguez (cc-by-sa)
Melicoccus bijugatus flower picture by cheriette van der lugt (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Melicoccus bijugatus fruit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Melicoccus bijugatus world distribution map, present in Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Barbados, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Gabon, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Martinique, Panama, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Turks and Caicos Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Melicoccus bijugatus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:783682-1
WFO ID wfo-0000452919
COL ID 6QZ63
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447595
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Melicocca bijuga Melicoccus bijugatus f. alata Melicocca carpoodea Stadmannia bijuga Melicoccus bijugatus

Lower taxons

Melicoccus bijugatus 'Añasco' Melicoccus bijugatus 'Sasa' Melicoccus bijugatus 'Sotomayor'