Myrsine africana L.

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Primulaceae > Myrsine

Characteristics

Evergreen undershrub, shrub or tree from less than 1 m. to 6 m. tall, often or perhaps always subdioecious, the male plants producing no ovaries or fruit, the flowers on female plants containing stamens which may or may not be functional; bark grey or white with lighter streaks, shredding; branches brown or purplish, densely minutely crisped hairy especially on the younger wood, older wood with longitudinal ribs.. Leaves alternate, crowded; blades ovate to lanceolate, rhomboid, obovate or orbicular, 4.5-20 mm. long, 3-11.5 mm. wide, acute to acuminate, cuneate, usually serrate in upper half, occasionally entire, coriaceous, glossy and rugulose above, smooth, punctate beneath, glabrous except occasionally a few hairs at base of midrib on upper surface, glands faintly pellucid, orange; nerves (2-)3-5(-7) on either side of midrib; petiole 1-3 mm. long, glabrous to densely glandular-hairy.. Inflorescence consisting of 1-5-flowered axillary clusters on young wood.. Flowers male or female, small, 4-merous, pendent, glabrous, gland-dotted; pedicels up to 1.5 mm. long, glabrous.. Sepals united at base or rarely free, ±1 mm. long, margins finely erose in male flowers, entire in female flowers.. Corolla greenish white or pink, campanulate with entire lobes to funnel-shaped with ciliate lobes,±2 mm. long; lobes as long as tube in male flowers, and half as long in length in female flowers, 2 mm. long.. Stamens exserted, subsessile or with filaments up to 1.5 mm. long, united into a collar which is adnate to the corolla-tube; anthers crimson to blue-violet, ovate, apiculate, 1-2.5 mm. long.. Ovary ovoid; placenta stalked, ovoid, apiculate; ovules few, uniseriate; style exserted to half its length, slender, 1-3 mm. long; stigma cream, discoid, fimbriate.. Fruit an edible berry, pale green, red, purple, finally black, globose with persistent style and calyx, up to 5 mm. in diameter, smooth except for raised gland-dots, glabrous, 1-seeded.. Seeds globose.. Fig. 2.
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Leaves very numerous, crowded, 6–12 mm. long, varying from ± orbicular to elliptic or obovate, acute or obtuse and apiculate at apex, subsessile or tapering at base to a petiole c. 1 mm. long, the proximal part of the midrib on adaxial side tomentose, otherwise lamina glabrous, coriaceous, inconspicuously nerved apart from the prominent abaxial midrib, the margin slightly revolute and sparsely serrulate (teeth usually inconspicuous due to the curved margin).
A shrub or small tree. It can be 3 m high. The bark is reddish. The branches are 0.5-2 mm thick. The leaves are small and sword shaped or round. They are 0.5-2 cm long by 0.5-1 cm wide. They are leathery and glossy green. There can be small teeth along the edge. The flowers are small and pink. The fruit is thinly fleshy and 4 mm across. They are pink when mature.
Female flower: anthers as in male but shorter than and concealed by corolla (flower c. 2 mm. long), functionless; ovary c. 1–2 mm. long, clavate, with prominent much–lobed capitate stigma.
Fruit a globose 1–seeded drupe, at first dry, greenish and c. 2–3 mm. in diameter, later developing a purplish fleshy pericarp and swelling to 8 mm. in diameter.
Male flower: anthers 1·3–2 mm. long, long–exserted from corolla (flower c. 2–2·5 mm. long), oblong–triangular, apiculate, red; ovary vestigial, clavate.
Corolla gamopetalous, with rounded–triangular ciliate lobes ± as long as the tube, greenish, cream–coloured or pink, conspicuously punctate.
Much branched, functionally dioecious perennial varying from a suffrutex 30 cm. high to a large shrub up to 3·5 m. tall.
Calyx c. 1/2 as long as corolla, divided almost to the base, the lobes ovate, ciliate, conspicuously glandular–punctate.
Flowers tetramerous, small, borne in several–flowered axillary fascicles, shortly pedicellate.
Branches ascending, rusty– or brownish–tomentose especially at apices.
Bark smooth to finely rugose, brownish–grey.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.75
Mature height (meter) 0.78
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A subtropical plant. It grows among rocks and in open woodland. It grows in moist areas in Miombo woodland. It occurs over a wide range of altitudes. It can be on the edges of evergreen forest. In China it grows in open mountain slopes and dry sunny places. It occurs between 1000-3600 m in S China. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Shady places in drier oak and rhododendron forests to 2,700 metres. Upland forest edges, open wooded grassland, stony hillsides in grassland and pasture, sometimes riverine on sandy soil, volcanic soil or lava, 1,200-3,600 metres.
Arid stony places and woodlands in W. China. Prefers shady places in the drier oak and rhododendron forests of the Himalayas to 2700 metres.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The ripe fruit are eaten raw or used as an adulterant of black pepper. The seeds are eaten raw.
Uses environmental use food fuel gene source material medicinal poison wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Abortifacient agents (aerial part), Contraceptive agents (aerial part), Anthelmintics (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Antiparasitic agents (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Colic (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Edema (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Parasympatholytics (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Anthelmintics (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Hematologic diseases (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Dysmenorrhea (plant exudate), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Skin diseases (seed), Anti-bacterial agents (stem), Colic (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Taenifuge (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Contraceptive agents (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are easily grown from seed. They can be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Myrsine africana habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Myrsine africana leaf picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)
Myrsine africana leaf picture by Pereira Jorge (cc-by-sa)
Myrsine africana leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Myrsine africana fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Myrsine africana world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Angola, China, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, eSwatini, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:589037-1
WFO ID wfo-0000448784
COL ID 45DQH
BDTFX ID 103166
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Myrsine glabra Myrsine scabra Samara potama Myrsine potama Myrsine microphylla Myrsine vacciniifolia Rhamnus myrtillus Myrsine rotundifolia Myrsine africana var. retusa Myrsine africana var. bifaria Myrsine africana var. africana Myrsine africana var. acuminata Myrsine africana var. glandulosa Myrica montana Myrsine acuta Buxus dioica Myrsine bifaria Myrsine bottensis Myrsine africana