Oxalis pes-caprae L.

Bermuda buttercup (en), Oxalis Pied-de-chèvre (fr), Oxalide pied-de-chèvre (fr), Oxalis pied-de-chèvre (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Oxalidales > Oxalidaceae > Oxalis

Characteristics

Herb with stems only developed when plants crowded or growing in shade, contractile roots thick, fleshy, white; bulb ovoid, pointed, 8–15(–30) mm long, tunics pale brown; bulbils formed on white fleshy rhizome and in lower leaf axils. Indumentum with simple eglandular and glandular hairs. Stipules membranous, narrow, to c. 10 mm long, abruptly tapering into petiole. Leaves crowded, palmately trifoliolate; petiole usually 5–22 cm long, terete, glabrescent to sparsely hairy; leaflets subsessile, cuneate-obcordate, 5–30 mm long, 5–30 mm wide, bilobed (sinus to c. one-quarter leaflet length), green (often purple-flecked above), glabrous above, sparsely pubescent below, margins ciliate, lobes oblong, divergent, apices rounded and 10–35 mm apart. Inflorescences basal, (1–) 6–15 (–20)-flowered; peduncles (7–) 15–45 cm long, longer than leaves, glabrous to sparsely hairy; pedicels to 20 mm long, covered with a mixture of antrorse simple hairs and spreading glandular hairs. Bracts situated at base of pedicels, linear to lanceolate, 2–3.5 mm long, hairy, usually with apical calli. Sepals lanceolate, 5–7 mm long, indumentum similar to that on the pedicels, green at base, reddish at apex, usually with 2 orange apical calli. Petals broadly cuneate, 15–25 mm long, yellow, with appressed hairs outside or almost glabrous. Stamens at 2 levels; filaments appendaged below, glabrous. Ovary pubescent on the upper half. Styles hairy. Capsules not developed in Australia.
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Perennial herb, apparently acaulous but with underground stolons bearing numerous bulbils near the apex; contractile roots thick, fleshy, glassy white; bulb to c. 3 cm long, ovoid; tunic pale brown, 5-7-nerved. Lvs 3-foliolate, radical. Petiole 6-22 cm long, ± hairy; stipules membranous, glabrous or nearly so. Lamina sessile (that of terminal leaflet somewhat larger than laterals), 10-32 × 12-35 mm, shallowly to deeply 2-lobed to c. 1/2 way, glabrous above, ± sericeous and finely reticulate below; base narrow-cuneate; lobes oblong to almost obovate; apex rounded. Fls (1)-3-18, in pseudoumbels, pendent; peduncles (7)-15-45 cm long, glabrous to sparsely hairy; pedicels to 2 cm long, densely clothed in glandular hairs. Bracts at base of pedicels, c. 2.5 mm long, lanceolate, hairy, with apical calli. Sepals 5-6.5 mm long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, with glandular hairs mainly towards base, or nearly glabrous; calli 2, apical, usually orange, sometimes yellow. Petals (1.5)-2-2.8 cm long, obovate with narrow claw, golden, sometimes red-margined, with appressed hairs outside or almost glabrous. Stamens at 2 levels, glabrous; filaments appendaged below, c. 7 mm long in the 2 common stylar morphs, 5 mm long in the rare long-style morph. Styles either < or nearly = lower stamen whorl (short-styled clone), > lower stamen whorl (mid-style clone), or = or > upper stamen whorl (long-style clone), hairy. Capsule not seen.
Herbs perennial, acaulous, rhizomes present <vertical, white, rootlike>, stolons absent, bulb usually solitary, sometimes with bulblets at base; bulb scales not observed. Leaves basal, <rarely absent at flowering>; petiole 3–12 cm; leaflets 3, green, rarely mottled with purplish red spots, angular-obcordate, (5–)7–20 mm, lobed 1/4–2/5 length, <lobes apically convex, margins and> abaxial surface villous, adaxial surface glabrous, oxalate deposits absent. Inflorescences umbelliform cymes, 2–12(–20)-flowered; scapes <often becoming fistulose proximally>, 15–30 cm, sparsely villous to pilose. Flowers tristylous in diploids and tetraploids, consistently short-styled in pentaploids; sepal apices with 2 orange tubercles; petals deep golden yellow, 15–20 mm. Capsules not seen. 2n = 14, 28, 35.
Perennials, 5-15(-40) cm tall, acaulescent, sparsely pubescent; bulb with white fleshy contractile root and a slender vertical stem rising to soil surface; underground stem and soil surface crown bearing numerous small bulbils and scales. Petiole 3-10 cm, erect to spreading; leaflet blades obcordate, 0.8-2 × 1.2-3.2 cm, slightly succulent, bright green often with dark purple spots, glabrous, apex deeply emarginate. Umbellate cymes with 3-20 flowers; peduncle 2 × as long as petioles. Flowers 2-3 cm across, nodding. Sepals lanceolate, 2.5-4 × ca. 1 mm, apex with a pair of orange calli. Petals deep golden yellow, obovate. Capsule long terete, pubescent, very rarely formed. Fl. Apr-Sep.
A herb which keeps growing from year to year. It has an underground stem which produces many bulbs. The leaves have 3 leaflets are are arranged in a ring near the base. The leaflets have 2 lobes. They are on long leaf stalks. The leaflets have a few stiff hairs underneath. The flower stalks arise from the base and are longer than the leaves. There can be 3-16 flowers in a cluster. The flowers are large and yellow. The petals are 2-2.5 cm long.
Acaulescent to caulescent geophyte, up to 0.35 m high. Bulbs pale brown, ovate-oblong. Stem up to 0.1 m long. Leaves apically congested, trifoliolate, leaflets subbilobed, cuneate-obcordate. Peduncles 3-20-flowered. Flowers yellow. Flowering time June-Oct.
Robust acaulescent or caulescent geophyte, up to 300 mm tall. Bulb tunics soft, brown. Leaves usually basal, suberect, often long-petiolate, leaflets 3, cuneate-obcordate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers 3-20 per peduncle, yellow.
Acaulescent geophyte. Leaves usually basal, trifoliolate, leaflets cuneate-obcordate, usually glabrous above, pubescent beneath. Flowers 3-20 per peduncle, yellow.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread autochory
Mature width (meter) 0.3
Mature height (meter) 0.2
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It grows in warm temperate and Mediterranean climate areas. It grows in dry areas. It is native to South Africa. It can grow in hot arid areas with a marked dry season. The dry season can be 6-11 months. It grows in coastal regions and between 50-500 m above sea level. It can tolerate shade. It can grow in arid places. Tasmania Herbarium.
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A widespread and difficult to eradicate weed of gardens, orchards, roadsides, stream-banks, arable land and native vegetation.
Roadsides and grassy places in S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in S.W. England but it does not flower there.
Roadsides and grassy places in S. Africa. Occasionally naturalized in S.W. England but it does not flower there.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-11

Usage

CAUTION: The leaves contain oxalates and can affect calcium absorption. They probably damage kidneys. They should not be eaten in large amounts. They are best eaten with a readily available source of calcium such as cream or coconut milk. They are eaten raw in salads. They are also added to soups and stews. The flower stalks are eaten. The bulbs are eaten grilled.
Uses animal food environmental use food gene source invertebrate food medicinal poison
Edible bulbs flowers leaves roots stems
Therapeutic use Poison (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It spreads rapidly from the small bulblets.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 60
Germination temperacture (C°) 12 - 20
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -5
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Oxalis pes-caprae habit picture by Nathalie Potel (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae habit picture by ELEJALDE Iñaki (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae habit picture by Bubz Pinson (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Oxalis pes-caprae leaf picture by Sandy Rowley (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae leaf picture by Santiago Aragón (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae leaf picture by Santiago Aragón (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Oxalis pes-caprae flower picture by Sandy Rowley (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae flower picture by Alberto (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae flower picture by Sandy Rowley (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Oxalis pes-caprae fruit picture by Melissa Seyler (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae fruit picture by Emrique Gómezcano (cc-by-sa)
Oxalis pes-caprae fruit picture by Raul Vaquer (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Oxalis pes-caprae world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Anguilla, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Chile, China, Cyprus, Algeria, Egypt, Spain, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Croatia, India, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mexico, Malta, Namibia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Portugal, Qatar, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Uruguay, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:375259-1
WFO ID wfo-0000386852
COL ID 6TGDJ
BDTFX ID 47165
INPN ID 111910
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Oxalis cernua Acetosella ehrenbergii Oxalis rippae Oxalis nutans Oxalis biflora Oxalis concinna Oxalis mairei Oxalis ehrenbergii Oxalis pes-caprae f. pleniflora Oxalis grandiflora Acetosella cernua Bolboxalis cernua Oxalis burmannii Oxalis lybica Oxalis erecta Oxalis pes-caprae var. pes-caprae Oxalis cernua var. namaquana Oxalis cernua var. pleniflora Oxalis pes-caprae var. pleniflora Oxalis pes-caprae