Pachira aquatica Aubl.

Guiana-chestnut (en), Marce (fr), Châtaignier de la Guyane (fr), Noisetier de la Guyane (fr), Noix de Malabar (fr), Cacaoyer-rivière (fr), Arbre à monnaie (fr), Pachirier aquatique (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Pachira

Characteristics

Tree 5-23 m. high, the trunk attaining 25-60(-90) cm. in diam., sometimes buttressed, the crown spreading, the bark smooth, grayish to more or less brownish. Leaves 5-to 9-foliolate, the petiole terete, often longitudinally furrowed, dilated at both ends, 4-23.5 cm. long, glabrous; leaflets petiolulate, the petiolule thick, 0.3-2.5 cm. long, often furrowed above and glabrous; blade elliptic to oblong, sometimes lanceolate or slightly obovate, acute or rounded and more or less decurrent at the base, caudate-acuminate, caudate-apiculate or rounded-apiculate and generally mucronulate at the apex, 5-28.5 cm. long and 2.5-14.5 cm. wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, the margins sometimes slightly recurved, generally bright and glabrous above, dull, glabrous or sometimes scatteringly reddish-lepidote or finely tufted-pubescent or seldom lepidote and puberulous beneath, the nerves prominent es-pecially beneath. Flowers solitary or sometimes 2-to 3-nate, attaining 17.5-35 cm. long, the pedicel terete, 1-5.5 cm. long and 0.3-1.1 cm. thick, glabrous to shortly yellowish-brown-tufted-puberulous; receptacle 5-glandular, shortly puberulous to tomentellous with yellowish-brown tufted hairs; calyx campanulate, sometimes campanulate-tubiform, truncate or 5-apiculate, sometimes slightly 5-undulate-apiculate, 1.2-2.1 cm. long and 1.3-2 cm. in diam., shortly puberulous to tomen-tellous with yellowish-brown tufted hairs outside, silky-villose inside; petals acute to more or less obtuse, 17-34 cm. long and 0.8-2.1 cm. wide, greenish, yellowish or whitish, puberulous on both sides; stamens 200-260, 16-31 cm. long, whitish below and scarlet above, the staminal column 4.5-12 cm. long and 0.45-0.8 cm. in diam., tufted-puberulous; outer whorl with 5 dichotomous, epipetalous phalanges, each phalanx with numerous filaments; inner whorl with 5 episepalous phalanges, each phalanx with only 2-8 filaments; anthers ca. 3-5.5 mm. long, reddish; ovary pyri-form, 5-sulcate, ca. 0.5-1 cm. long and 0.45-1 cm. broad, shortly whitish-villose; style more or less dilated and 5-sulcate at the base, 19-31 cm. long, white below and reddish above, villous on the third inferior; stigma lobulate, the lobes ca. 2-3 mm. long. Capsule subglobose, ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid, shallowly 5-sulcate longitudinally, rounded to obtuse and emarginate at the apex, 12.5-30 cm. long and 6-10(-12) cm. in diam., the valves to 1. cm. thick, yellowish-brown-scabrous-puber-ulous outside, silky-villous inside; seeds generally 4-to 5-angular, 2-3.2 cm. x 2.2-6 cm. x 2-2.2 cm., the testa brownish.
More
Small trees 4-5(-18) m tall; young branchlets brown, glabrous. Petiole 11-15 cm, ferruginous stellate tomentose; leaflets 5-11, slightly petiolulate or subsessile, leaflet blade oblong to obovate-oblong, abaxially ferruginous stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate; central leaflet 13-24 × 4.5-8 cm, size decreasing outward; midrib abaxially prominently raised, adaxially flat, lateral veins 16-20 per side of midrib, straight, connected near margin, veinlets thin and dense, prominently raised abaxially. Flowers solitary, axillary near twig tips. Pedicel robust, ca. 2 cm, yellow stellate tomentose, glabrescent. Calyx cup-shaped, nearly leathery, ca. 1.5 × 1.3 cm in diam., abaxially sparsely stellate pilose, adaxially glabrous, truncate or obscurely 3-6-toothed, persistent, with 2-3 globose glands at base. Petals yellowish green, narrowly lanceolate or filiform, up to 15 cm, distal half reflexed. Staminal tube short, proximally yellow, distally red, 13-15 cm including filaments; anthers 2-3 mm. Style dark red, longer than stamens; stigma minute. Capsule nearly pyriform, 9-10 × 4-6 cm, endocarp yellow-brown, thick, woody, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely long woolly. Seeds many per cell, dark brown with white spirals, 2-2.5 × 1-1.5 cm. Fl. May-Nov.
An evergreen tree. It grows to a height of 7-18 m with a spread of 3 m. The trunk is erect and branches heavily. The leaves are large and compound like the fingers on a hand. There are up to 9 leaflets. The leaflets can be 30 cm long. The leaves are dark green and shiny. The flowers are cream with bright red tips. The petals are long and droop outwards. It is the red tips of the stamens that look like a shaving brush which gives it one of its common names. The flowers occur in long hanging groups. The flowers are short lived opening in the morning and falling by evening. The fruit is like a round pod. It can be 30 long and 15 cm across. The pod bursts open when ripe. The pod opens in about 5 sections. The seeds are round and 1-2 cm across. They are brown. They have a fleshy pulp. It is a good shade tree but other plants will not grow under it.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.55 - 0.75
Mature height (meter) 4.0 - 5.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It requires a warm sunny, well protected position. It is drought tolerant. It is sensitive to frost, but the tree can survive light frosts. It can grow in moist or boggy places. It grows on creek and river banks. It originally came from South America and Mexico but has been taken to many tropical countries. It can grow in subtropical places. It suits humid places. It suits hardiness zones 10-12. In Yunnan.
More
River estuaries and lowland rainforests. Sparsely vegetated, marshy riverine, clay soils; also grows well on sandy or sandy-clay soils of terra firma.
Light 4-7
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The seeds are cooked (boiled, roasted or fried) and eaten. They can also be eaten raw. The leaves and flowers are eaten as a vegetable. Caution: The seeds are claimed to contain poisonous cyclopropenic fatty acids.
Uses afforestation dye environmental use fiber food gene source material medicinal oil poison social use wood
Edible flowers leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Diabetes (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Blood pressure regulation (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It is grown from seed. Seed will only remain viable for a short period so should be sown fresh. Cuttings can also be used to grow trees. Probably aerial layering can be used.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Pachira aquatica leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Pachira aquatica leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Pachira aquatica leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Flower

Pachira aquatica flower picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)
Pachira aquatica flower picture by Hervé Goëau (cc-by-sa)
Pachira aquatica flower picture by Hervé Goëau (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Pachira aquatica fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Pachira aquatica fruit picture by Hervé Goëau (cc-by-sa)
Pachira aquatica fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Pachira aquatica world distribution map, present in Benin, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Micronesia (Federated States of), Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Palau, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Pachira aquatica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:179762-2
WFO ID wfo-0000397427
COL ID 4BPCN
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447010
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Pachira grandiflora Bombax aquaticum Bombax macrocarpum Carolinea princeps Pachira villosula Pachira pustulifera Pachira macrocarpa Bombax rigidifolium Carolinea grandiflora Carolinea macrocarpa Pachira carolinea Pachira villulosa Pachira longifolia Pachira aquatica var. occidentalis Pachira aquatica var. surinamensis Pachira aquatica var. manausensis Pachira aquatica