Papaver somniferum L.

Opium poppy (en), Pavot somnifère (fr), Pavot officinal (fr), Œillette (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Ranunculales > Papaveraceae > Papaver

Characteristics

Herbs, annual, 30-60(-100) cm tall (to 1.5 m in cultivation), glabrous or rarely slightly setose on plant below or on peduncle. Taproot erect, almost conical. Stems erect, glaucous, glabrous, occasionally somewhat setose. Leaves alternate; blade ovate or oblong, 7-25 cm, both surfaces glabrous, glaucous and rather waxy, veins distinct, slightly raised, base cordate, margin irregularly undulate-serrate, apex acuminate to obtuse; leaves below shortly petiolate but above sessile and amplexicaul. Flowers solitary, deeply cup-shaped, 5-12 cm in diam. Pedicel to 25 cm, glabrous or rarely sparsely setose. Flower buds nutant at first, erect at anthesis, oval-oblong or broadly ovoid, 1.5-3.5 × 1-3 cm, glabrous. Sepals 2, green, broadly ovate, margin membranous. Petals 4, white, pink, red, purple, or various, often with a dark basal blotch, suborbicular or almost flabellate, 4-7 × 3-11 cm, margin undulate or variously lobed. Stamens many; filaments white, linear, 1-1.5 cm; anthers yellowish or cream, oblong, 3-6 mm. Ovary green, spherical, 1-2 cm in diam., glabrous; stigmas 5-12(-18), actinomorphic, united into compressed disk, disk margin deeply divided, lobes crenulate. Capsule brown when mature, spherical or oblong-elliptic, 4-9 × 4-5 cm, glabrous. Seeds many, black or deep gray, adaxially alveolate. Fl. Mar-Aug. 2n = 18, 22-23, 25, 32.
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Annual herb; rosette tufted; stems erect, glabrous, 30-60-(150) cm tall. Lvs glaucous, (2)-4-8-(15) × (0.5)-5-12-(15) cm, the lower cuneate at base and shortly petiolate, the upper sessile and amplexicaul. Lamina ovate-oblong, shallowly pinnatifid and irregularly and coarsely lobed or toothed, glabrous or with a few stiff hairs on midrib and margins. Pedicels to 30 cm long, glabrous or with sparse bristly or soft hairs. Sepals glabrous or hairy, (5)-15-30-(40) × (4)-10-20-(30) mm. Petals usually pink or mauve, rarely white or red, 2-7 × 2-7 cm, usually with large dark blotch near base. Capsule broadly ovoid or obovoid to globose, widest at or above 1/2 way, shortly stipitate, not ribbed, glabrous, (10)-15-40 × (5)-10-40 mm. Stigmatic disc slightly wider than capsule, flat or concave; rays (5)-7-11-(15).
Plant annual, caulescent, to 1.5 m high, almost glabrous to setose, without prickles, glaucous. Stems simple or branching. Leaves to 30 cm long; upper leaves stem-clasping; lamina unlobed or pinnately lobed, usually shallowly to deeply toothed; lobes not prickle-tipped. Peduncle often sparsely setose. Sepals glabrous or setose. Petals to 60 mm long, white, pink, red or purple, often with dark or pale basal spot. Stamens: filaments white to dark violet, filiform or clavate; anthers pale yellow to brownish. Ovary glabrous; stigmas 5–18; disc ± flat. Capsule stipitate, subglobose, to 9 cm long, not ribbed, glabrous, glaucous.
Plants to 15 dm, glabrate, glaucous. Stems simple or branching. Leaves to 30 cm; blade sometimes sparsely setose abaxially on midrib; margins usually shallowly to deeply toothed. Inflorescences: peduncle often sparsely setose. Flowers: petals white, pink, red, or purple, often with dark or pale basal spot, to 6 cm; anthers pale yellow; stigmas 5-18, disc ± flat. Capsules stipitate, subglobose, not ribbed, to 9 cm, glaucous.
Stout annual to 1 m, glaucous and mainly glabrous except for the distally hispid peduncles; lvs sessile, coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed, with cordate-clasping base; buds 2–4 cm; pet 3–6 cm, purple or red to white; fr glabrous, 2.5–6+ cm, subglobose or broadly obovoid; stigmatic rays 8–15; 2n=22. Native of the Mediterranean region, modified in cult., often escaped in our range. June–Sept.
An annual plant which grows up to 60-150 cm high. It is 20 cm across. The leaves are coarsely toothed and clasp the stem. They are smooth and undivided. They are wavy. They are blue-green. The flowers are showy. They are cup shaped and red, white or purple. They are on long erect flower stalks. The fruit is a seed pod. It yields a milky sap. The capsule is 2-5 cm wide.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.1 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.6 - 1.0
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Occurs along roadsides, railways, in paddocks, pastures, cultivated fields, dumps, gravel pits, on shores, stream banks, stream beds, flats, slopes, dunes and ridges; in gravel, sand, loam and clay; to 800 m alt.
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A temperate plant. It prefers a rich well drained sandy soil in a sunny position. It suits hardiness zones 7-10. Tasmania Herbarium.
Not known in a truly wild situation.
Not known in a truly wild situation.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 7-10

Usage

The seed are eaten raw or cooked. They are used on bread, cakes, rolls, and in soups, stews, rice dishes, curries and salad dressings. The young leaves are edible raw or cooked. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. Caution: The capsule contains several alakloids and is poisonous but the seeds are not.
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Papaver somniferum has been cultivated for centuries as the source of opium (and the modern derivatives heroin, morphine and codeine) and also for edible seeds and oil. Various colour forms with laciniate and/or doubled petals are grown as ornamentals.
Uses animal food drug dye environmental use fodder food forage gene source material medicinal oil ornamental poison seasoning soap social use varnish
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Cough (flower), Hypnotics and sedatives (flower), Alcoholic intoxication (fruit), Analgesics (fruit), Aphrodisiacs (fruit), Cough (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Endophthalmitis (fruit), Hemorrhage (fruit), Hypnotics and sedatives (fruit), Hypohidrosis (fruit), Narcotics (fruit), Nervous system diseases (fruit), Otitis (fruit), Pain (fruit), Parasympatholytics (fruit), Rectal pain (fruit), Analgesics (plant exudate), Asthma (plant exudate), Effects on central nervous system (plant exudate), Conjunctivitis (plant exudate), Cystitis (plant exudate), Diabetes mellitus (plant exudate), Diarrhea (plant exudate), Dysentery (plant exudate), Malaria (plant exudate), Menorrhagia (plant exudate), Migraine disorders (plant exudate), Pain (plant exudate), Sleep aids, pharmaceutical (plant exudate), Sleep initiation and maintenance disorders (plant exudate), Anesthesia (seed), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Aphrodisiacs (seed), Astringents (seed), Brain diseases (seed), Common cold (seed), Constipation (seed), Cough (seed), Demulcents (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Diet, food, and nutrition (seed), Dysentery (seed), Hypnotics and sedatives (seed), Hypoglycemic agents (seed), Narcotics (seed), Analgesic (unspecified), Anticonvulsive (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Antidote(Cicuta) (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Bruise (unspecified), Calmative (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Emollient (unspecified), Enterorrhagia (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fumitory (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Hypnotic (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Insomnia (unspecified), Internulcer (unspecified), Intoxicant (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Mania (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Nervine (unspecified), Otitis (unspecified), Pertussis (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Prolapse (unspecified), Rectum (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Spermatorrhea (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Ugh (unspecified), Hemicrania (unspecified), Hemostat (unspecified), Sprain (unspecified), Antitussive (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Cancer(Uterus) (unspecified), Enteritis (unspecified), Flux (unspecified), Leucorrhea (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Respiratory (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Suicide (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anesthesia (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Narcotics (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Parasympatholytics (unspecified)
Human toxicity strong toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity strong toxic (whole)

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed sown where the plants are to grow.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 15
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 15 - 24
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Papaver somniferum habit picture by bas yves (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum habit picture by Mel Mun (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum habit picture by Higueras Ines (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Papaver somniferum leaf picture by Estaun Esperanza (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum leaf picture by B.P. Mar (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum leaf picture by Alessio Pace Alessio Pace (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Papaver somniferum flower picture by Jean Luc DELARUELLE (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum flower picture by Serge Beuchat (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum flower picture by Dominique Mougel (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Papaver somniferum fruit picture by Sandarius M (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum fruit picture by Giampietro Borsari (cc-by-sa)
Papaver somniferum fruit picture by Xavier Caliz (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Papaver somniferum world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Bhutan, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Germany, Algeria, Ecuador, Spain, Estonia, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Honduras, Croatia, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Sri Lanka, Lithuania, Latvia, Morocco, Mexico, North Macedonia, Malta, Myanmar, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, Uruguay, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1
WFO ID wfo-0000480963
COL ID 4CJK3
BDTFX ID 47858
INPN ID 112364
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Papaver album-nigrum Papaver album Papaver amoenum Papaver amplexicaule Papaver indehiscens Papaver opiiferum Papaver sylvestre Papaver officinale Papaver paeoniflorum Papaver somniferum var. nigrum Papaver somniferum var. album Papaver somniferum

Lower taxons

Papaver somniferum subsp. setigerum