Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Jerusalem thorn (en), Parkinsonia du Mexique (fr), Épine de Jérusalem (fr), Parkinsonia à aiguillons (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Parkinsonia

Characteristics

Shrub or tree up to 8 m high, armed with stout spines which are modified leaf-rhachides and sometimes also with stipular spines; young branchlets pale greenish-yellow or yellowish-brown, becoming brown with age, subglabrous or shortly appressed-pubescent when young. Leaves with 1-2(3) pairs of very long slender green pinnae inserted very close together near the base of the spinescent rhachis, thus resembling 2-4(6) simply pinnate leaves borne on a short spine; spines (rhachides) 0.2-1.7 cm long; pinnae (rhachillae) up to 40 cm long, broadly winged and thus appearing flattened, up to 2.5 mm wide; with up to 80 very small obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong or oblong leaflets up to 6(9) x 2(3) mm along each margin of the rhachilla, opposite or alternate, sometimes leaflets absent or deciduous. Stipules often spinescent like the rhachis. Racemes lax, up to 20 cm long; bracts up to 2 mm long, soon deciduous. Flowers yellow, on pedicels 5-16 mm long (excluding the elongate lower part of the hypanthium). Receptacle consisting of a disc ±3 mm in diameter and a lower elongate part up to 4 mm long which simulates the pedicel but is shorter than the pedicel proper; the disc remaining in fruit to form a small collar. Sepals 5-7 mm long, narrowly ovate to oblong, narrowly imbricate, becoming reflexed in flower, subglabrous or with short scattered hairs. Petals 8-14 mm long, the upper one with a distinct claw; the other petals ± obovate. Stamens up to 10 mm long: filaments densely pubescent below; anthers 1.3-2 mm long. Ovary ± densely clothed with long white hairs. Pods brown, (2)3-12(15) cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm wide, linear, usually ± straight, attenuate at both ends, ± flattened, often somewhat constricted between the seeds, glabrous, longitudinally venose, indehiscent. Seeds 5-9 x 4-6 x 1.5-2.5 mm, elliptic-oblong, elongated in the pod.
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Xerophytic shrubs or small trees to several m. tall, the branchlets subglabrous, more or less flexuous and gnarled. Leaves multifoliolate, twice compound as de-scribed for the genus; petiole and rachis modified into a spine 5-15 mm. long, bearing from the upper side 1-3 pairs of pinnae; pinnae multifoliolate, the rachis linear, 2-3 din. long and 1-2 mm. wide, flattened, green; ultimate leaflets about 25 pairs, linear-oblong, 2-8 mm. long and up to 2 mm. wide, often caducous. Racemes up to 2 dm. long, subglabrous; bracts lanceolate, about 1 mm. long; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm. long in age. Flowers yellow; calyx-tube turbinate, scarcely 2 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long and about 3 mm. wide, subglabrous; petals 5, about 13 mm. long, the blade suborbicular. about 8 mm. long, claw pubescent at base, about 5 mm. long; stamens 8-9 mm. long, pubescent basally; ovary linear-oblong, about 4 mm. long, hispid; style linear, about equalling the stamens, glabrous; stigma terminal, minute. Legume linear, up to about 15 cm. long, nodose by constriction between the seeds, glabrous, striate-nerved; seeds about 1 cm. long.
Shrub or small tree, 3-4 m tall; young shoots zigzag, glabrous, stiff thorns up 3 cm long. Stipules 2, forming short spines. Leaf petiole and rachis rather short, up to c. 2 cm long; pinnae with rachis up to 25(-40) cm long. Leaflets numerous, very small, obovate, oblong, 2-5(-8.5) by l-1.5(-3.5) mm. Inflorescences up to 20 cm long; pedicels up to 10( — 15) mm, articulated below the glabrous flower. Calyx lobes ovate-oblong, 5-7 mm long, glabrous, reflexed. Petals very thin, golden yellow, spoon-shaped with the limb suborbicular or broadly ovate (c. 7 mm wide) and the claw hairy, 12-14 mm long. Stamens shorter than the petals; filaments hairy in the lower half, widened towards the base; anthers ellipsoid, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary subsessile, hairy; style glabrous; stigma obscure. Pods cylindric, 5-15 by c. 0.7 cm, glabrous, yellowish. Seeds oblong, c. 10 by 4 mm, slightly compressed.
Shrub or tree to 8 m high with stout spines (modified leaf rachises). Leaves sometimes with spinescent stipules, and with 1–3 pairs of slender, green pinnae inserted close together near the base of the spinescent rachis, resembling 2–6 simply pinnate leaves borne on a short spine; spines (rachises) 2–17 mm long; pinnae (secondary rachises) to 40 cm long, winged, to 2.5 mm wide with up to 80 opposite or alternate, obovate-elliptic, obovate-oblong or oblong leaflets to 9 mm long and 3 mm wide along each margin, or sometimes leaflets absent or deciduous. Racemes lax, to 20 cm long. Flowers pedicellate; receptacle consisting of a disc c. 3 mm diam. and a lower elongate part simulating the pedicel. Sepals 5–7 mm long. Petals yellow. Pod usually ±straight, mostly 3–12 cm long, 5–8 mm wide, attenuate at both ends, ±flattened, often somewhat constricted. Seeds elliptic-oblong.
Evergreen, small tree or shrub, 6-9 m high; not climbing, armed with stout spines, eglandular. Leaves at first pinnate, later bipinnate, with common petiole sometimes flattened, often ending in a spine. Leaflets ± opposite, small or obsolete. Stipules often short, spinescent. Inflorescences axillary racemes. Flowers bisexual, irregular, yellow, fragrant. Calyx: tube campanulate; lobes 5, ± imbricate. Petals 5, spreading, clawed. Stamens 10, free. Ovary free, shortly stalked, many-ovuled. Flowering time Oct.-Apr. Pod linear to ± elliptic, nearly straight, subbivalved, sometimes constricted between seeds. Seeds oblong, hard, compressed.
A shrub or small tree. It grows 3-4 m tall but can be 10 m tall. It can have one or several stems. The bark is smooth and green. The smooth branches are zigzagged. It is spiny and has drooping branches. The spines are at the base of each leaf. The leaves are long and thin. They are compound with unusual leaflets. They are small and widely spaced along the flattened leaf stalk. There is a spine at the end. The flowers are yellow and have one red-brown petal. They have a scent. The fruit are straight pods 10 cm long. These are constricted between the seeds. The pods turn brown when ripe. The seeds are oblong and dark brown.
Leaves with 1–2(3) pairs of very long narrow pinnae inserted very close together near the base of the spinescent rachis, so looking like 2 or 4(6) simple pinnate leaves borne on a short spine; spines (rachis) 0.2–1.7 cm long; pinnae up to 40 cm long, their rachis broadly winged and so appearing flattened, up to 2.5 mm broad; leaflets up to 6(9) × 2(3) mm, oblong or oblanceolate, opposite or alternate, up to 80 along each margin of the rachis, or sometimes absent or caducous; stipules often spinescent like the rachis.
Shrubs or trees, to 6 m tall, prickly, with smooth, green bark. Leaf rachis and stipules becoming spines; pinnae 1-3 pairs, clustered at spinescent, very short rachis of leaves; rachis of pinnae green, to 40 cm; leaflets obovate-elliptic to obovate-oblong or oblong, 2.5-8.5 × 1-3.5 mm. Racemes sparsely flow­ered. Flowers yellow; pedicels 1.5-1.7 cm; bracts lanceolate. Sepals oblong, ca. 6 mm, apex obtuse. Petals spatulate, apex rounded, uppermost longer, ca. 11 × 6 mm. Filaments villous at base. Legume 7.5-10.5 cm.
Shrub or tree, up to 8 m high. Leaf rhachis spinescent; pinnae rhachillae up to 400 mm long, laterally winged and thus appearing flattened, usually with numerous opposite or alternate leaflets along each margin. Stipules usually spinescent. Flowers yellow and orange-red.
Pods (2)3–12(15) × 0.5–0.8 cm, linear, compressed, usually ± straight, constricted between the seeds, glabrous, light grey-brown; seeds up to 8 but commonly only 1–4 developing, c.9 × 6 × 2.5 mm, elliptic-oblong, light brown with dark markings.
Stems subglabrous or shortly appressed-pubescent when young, armed with short spines derived from modification of the leaf rachis or sometimes stipules as well.
Flowers in fairly lax racemes up to 20 cm long; bracts up to 2 mm long, caducous; pedicels 7–16 mm long excluding the elongate lower part of the hypanthium.
Receptacle forming a narrow disc about 1 mm broad and an elongate lower part up to 3(4) mm long, shorter than the pedicel proper.
Sepals 5–7 mm long, oblong, narrowly imbricate, becoming reflexed in full flower, with few short hairs or subglabrous.
Planted in native towns throughout the Sudan and elsewhere in dry localities
Petals 8–13 mm long, the standard with a distinct claw, all yellow.
Ovary clothed with longish white hairs, glabrescent.
An exotic shrub or small tree, 10–15 ft. high
Stamens 4–9 mm long; anthers 1.3–2 mm long.
Shrub or small tree up to 8(13) m high.
Fairly conspicuous yellow flowers
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 6.0 - 6.75
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical and subtropical plant. It is native from Mexico to Honduras. It grows in warm subtropical and tropical places. It suits semi-arid places. It grows in areas with a rainfall between 200-1,000 mm per year. It grows along drainage lines and on flood plains. It grows in dry lowland grassland and coastal regions. It grows in the Sahel. In East Africa it grows from sea level to 1,400 m above sea level. It can grow in alkaline and salty soils. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
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Semi-desert vegetation, mainly in desert valleys and desert grassland zones, at elevations up to 1,300 metres in the subtropics and up to 2,400 metres in the tropics.
Semi-desert vegetation, mainly in desert valleys and desert grassland zones, at elevations up to 1,300 metres in the subtropics and up to 2,400 metres in the tropics.
Recorded from sandy creek beds, stream banks, heavy soils around swamps, dams and bores and from rocky terrain. Often forms dense impenetrable thickets.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 4-8
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The immature seeds are eaten raw. Ripe seeds are roasted and ground and used as a coffee substitute. The seeds are also parched, sun dried and cooked and eaten. The fruit pulp is sweet and edible.
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UsesOrnamental. Bark and leaves used for medicinal purposes.
Uses animal food bee plant charcoal coffee substitute eating environmental use fiber fodder food forage fuel fuelwood gene source hedge invertebrate food material medicinal ornamental paper reforestation windbreak wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Antispermatogenic agents (bark), Wound healing (bark), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Abscess (leaf), Anemia (leaf), Antioxidants (leaf), Fatigue (leaf), Diaphoretic (leaf), Rabies (root), Anti-bacterial agents (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Antiprotozoal agents (seed), Hemagglutination (seed), Antineoplastic agents (stem), Furunculosis (stem), Abortifacient (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Central nervous system depressants (unspecified), Cholinergic agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seeds can be put in boiling water then allowed to cool down before planting. Seed can spread in flood waters. The seed are best sown fresh. Seedlings can be transplanted after 6-10 weeks. Plants can also be grown from root or stem cuttings and air-layering. Plants can be used to form hedges. They can be cut back and will re-grow.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 24 - 32
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Parkinsonia aculeata habit picture by Arranz Álvaro (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata habit picture by Prasanta Hembram (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata habit picture by Heilmann Claudia (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Parkinsonia aculeata leaf picture by Pablo (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata leaf picture by Heather Van Shaar (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata leaf picture by Heather Van Shaar (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Parkinsonia aculeata flower picture by Bre Bitz (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata flower picture by perunswarog (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata flower picture by Kyle Ricio (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Parkinsonia aculeata fruit picture by Cristian Salinas (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata fruit picture by Serrano F. (cc-by-sa)
Parkinsonia aculeata fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Parkinsonia aculeata world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, China, Cameroon, Colombia, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libya, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Mali, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Réunion, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, Suriname, Chad, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Uruguay, United States of America, Viet Nam, Yemen, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Parkinsonia aculeata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:512242-1
WFO ID wfo-0000170206
COL ID 4DN6J
BDTFX ID 83395
INPN ID 447044
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Parkinsonia inermis Parkinsonia spinosa Parkinsonia thornberi Parkinsonia aculeata