Phytolacca dioica L.

Belombra (fr), Phytolaque dioïque (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Caryophyllales > Phytolaccaceae > Phytolacca

Characteristics

A South American species, has been grown as an ornamental tree at various places in East Africa, e.g. Uganda, Entebbe Botanic Gardens, Chandler 1143 !,Kenya, Marsabit, T. Adamson in E.A.H. 11304!, Nairobi Arboretum, G. R. Williams 329 !, Tanganyika, Morogoro, Wigg 976! Dale, Introd. Trees Ug.: 55 (1953) is rather disparaging of it.. Apart from its habit, it may be further distinguished from P. dodecandra by the 20–30 stamens, the broader glabrous sepals, the more marked differentiation of the flowers (the staminodes being quite small or lacking in the female flowers) and the fruits with less divergent carpels.
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Tree to 7 m high, papillate, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, ovate to broadly ovate, acute, apiculate; lamina to 12 cm long and 7.5 cm wide; petiole to 7 cm long. Raceme to 20 cm long. Flowers unisexual; pedicels to 5 mm long. Male flowers with ovate or elliptic tepals up to 3.5 mm long, white; stamens 20–30, inserted irregularly; ovary rudimentary. Female flowers with ovate or elliptic tepals up to 4 mm long, white; staminodes c. 10; carpels 7–11; style recurved, c. 1 mm long. Berry depressed-globose, furrowed between seeds, c. 1 cm diam. Seeds ovoid-compressed, c. 3 mm long, shining black.
A large tree. It is evergreen. It grows to 15-20 m high. The crown is dense and spreading. The trunk can be 2 m across. It is swollen at the base. The roots come to the surface and put out suckers. The leaves are green and narrowly oval and taper to the tip. They are simple and 10 cm long. The leaf stalks are narrow. Male and female flowers are separate on separate plants. The flowers are along branched stalks and often hang downwards. These are 10 cm long. The male flowers have 20-30 stamens. The fruit are fleshy berries. They are yellow and have 7-10 cells. The fruit are 1.2 cm across.
Large, cultivated, ornamental tree, up to 25 m high; trunk huge, succulent, soft-wooded, buttressed. Leaves bright green, ovate, base acute, apex hooked-truncate; petioles pinkish, ± 70 mm long. Inflorescences: racemes ± 100 mm long; male and female flowers on separate trees. Flowers creamy yellow, small, up to 100 mm long; pedicels up to 4 mm long. Sepals 5, ± united at base. Stamens 6 or 7 in one whorl. Carpels 5-7, styles ± straight. Flowering time Sept.-Apr. Fruit berry-like, succulent, green turning black, pendent.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 7.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It can tolerate salty air near sea-sides. It needs mild climates and is damaged by severe frosts. It is drought tolerant. It can grow in an average, well-drained soil. It needs full sun. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,500 m above sea level. In Melbourne Botanical Gardens. It suits hardiness zones 10-11.
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Dry plains and woodlands. Secondary formations in dense forests, favouring fertile soils on alluvial plains and at the foot of slopes.
This species is frequently cultivated and persists around old farmyards.
Not known
Light 4-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

CAUTION: The fruit are poisonous. The attractive smell encourages children to eat them with poisonous results. The young leaves and shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The fruit are made into jellies and jams. They are also used to give red colour to wines.
Uses animal food environmental use fodder food gene source material medicinal ornamental poison shade wood
Edible fruits leaves shoots
Therapeutic use Poison (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. The ripe fruit are harvested from the tree and allowed to decompose for a few days before removing the seed. The seeds are washed out in running water and dried lightly. Seed can be stored for about 1 year. Fresh seed should be planted. They germinate in 8-16 days. Seedlings can be transplanted into the field after 4 months. Trees can be grown from cuttings.
Mode cuttings divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 60
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 32
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Phytolacca dioica habit picture by Fonseca Wendel (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica habit picture by yisus (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica habit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Phytolacca dioica leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica leaf picture by AJ G (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica leaf picture by cuellar daniel (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Phytolacca dioica flower picture by potential problem (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica flower picture by Canca (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica flower picture by Torrealday Miren (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Phytolacca dioica fruit picture by Yannig Treguer (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica fruit picture by Almudena Jiménez (cc-by-sa)
Phytolacca dioica fruit picture by Michel Tach (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Phytolacca dioica world distribution map, present in Argentina, Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Botswana, Colombia, Algeria, Ecuador, Spain, France, Gibraltar, Greece, India, Italy, Libya, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Mexico, Malta, Namibia, Nepal, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Paraguay, Sudan, Tunisia, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:676348-1
WFO ID wfo-0000482088
COL ID 4HM9V
BDTFX ID 49295
INPN ID 113420
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Phytolacca arborea Pircunia dioica Phytolacca dioica Sarcoca dioica Phytolacca dioica var. ovatifolia