Tree, usually tall, height to 35-40 m, dbh to 90-100 cm. Trunk monopodial, erect, straight, slender, terete, commonly free of branches for 2/3 or more of its length. Bark thick, rough and scaly, with large elongated plates and deep, longitudinal fissures especially on the lower part of the bole, dark grey-brown below, lighter above, on young trees and branches thin, scaly, reddish brown. Branches of first order long, slender, spreading or slightly ascending; of higher orders slender, drooping or subpendulous, the ultimate branches pendent, forming a conical to domed, open crown. Shoots often multinodal, rough and scaly when the leaf fascicles have fallen; foliage shoots with prominent, decurrent pulvini, yellowish brown to reddish brown. Cataphylls subulate, recurved at apex, scarious, with erose-ciliate margins, brown, early deciduous. Vegetative buds oval-oblong to cylindrical, the terminal bud 15-20 mm long, the laterals shorter, brown, not resinous; the scales spreading, subulate, ciliate at margins. Fascicle sheaths initially long, 20-30 mm, with 6-8 imbricate, chartaceous, whitish yellow to orange-brown scales, persistent but reduced to 12-15 mm in mature fascicles, tight, slowly weathering to grey-brown. Leaves in fascicles of 3-4(-5), in drooping tufts, typically in two rows on either side of the upturned shoot, persisting 2-3 years, thin, lax, drooping to pendent, (11-)15-25(-30)cm x 0.7-0.9(-l) mm, serrulate at the margins, acute, pale green to dark green. Stomata on all faces of the leaves, in 4-6(-7) lines on the convex abaxial face and 2-3(-4) lines on each adaxial face. Leaf anatomy: Transverse-triangular to triangular in cross section; the hypodermis usually with a double layer of cells; resin ducts (1-)2-3(-4), medial, occasionally 1 internal, stele oval in cross section; outer walls of endodermal cells not thickened; vascular bundles 2, distinct, the xylem strands often connate. Pollen cones crowded near the proximal end of new shoots, spreading, subtended by scarious bracts, ovoid-oblong to cylindrical, 15-20 x 5-6 mm, pinkish yellow, turning yellowish brown. Seed cones subterminal or lateral, in whorls of 2 to many, rarely solitary, persistent or deciduous, on short or moderately long (to 20 mm) peduncles. Immature cones ovoid, on short, or long, recurved peduncles with persistent cataphylls, purplish, soon light brown, maturing in two seasons. Mature cones (narrowly) ovoid or ovoid-attenuate when closed, usually slightly curved, more or less asymmetrical at base, 5-10(-12) x (3-)4-6.5 cm when open. Seed scales ca. 100-150, serotinous or parting some time after maturing, tenacious or deciduous with the peduncle, (thin) woody, oblong, usually curved when spreading, the proximal scales connate, purplish brown to dark brown, with light brown marks of seed wings adaxially. Apophysis nearly flat to slightly raised, transversely keeled, more or less gibbous on the proximal scales, more so on one side of the cone, rhombic to obtrullate in outline, upper margin acute or obtuse-rounded, abaxial surface striate or smooth, (lustrous) ochraceous or yellowish brown. Umbo dorsal, flat or raised, often sunken into the apophysis, 3-7 mm wide, grey, with a minute, deciduous prickle. Seeds obliquely ovoid, flattened, 4-6 x 2-4 mm, blackish grey. Seed wings articulate, held to the seed by two oblique claws which partly cover the seed on one side, obliquely ovate-oblong, 12-18 x 5-8 mm, light brown with dark stripes. Number of cotyledons not observed.
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Small or medium-sized, widespreading tree (to c. 20 m high in cultivation), with fairly dense habit. Bark thick, fissured, with reddish brown below surface; surface dark reddish brown or reddish on upper trunk, otherwise grey. Shoots glaucous for at least one season, glabrous, rough with prominent old lf bases. Buds cylindric, shining brown, not resinous; scales spreading in upper part. Lvs 3 per fascicle, 13-28-(33) cm × 0.7-0.9 mm, very slender and flexible, pendulous, grass-green; resin canals median; sheaths persistent, usually 1.5-2.5 cm long in mature lvs. ♂ strobili to 1 cm long, cylindric-ovoid. Conelets stalked; umbo mucronate. Mature cones persistent and remaining closed for several years, pointing backward, sessile or very shortly stalked, usually several to a cluster, 6-9 × 3-4 cm when closed, ± cylindric-ovoid or cylindric-oblong, light brown, usually curved; base asymmetric; apophyses flat except for sunken umbo with very small, often deciduous, prickle. Seed small; wing to c. 1.5 cm long, broad and asymmetric.
Pyramidal trees up to about 40 m high. Bark broken into longitudinal, irregular shapes on the lower parts, but thin, papery and reddish-brown higher. Young shoots with many nodes, glabrous, glaucous-green at first becoming brownish in the second year. Winter buds cylindrical, long pointed, 12-25 mm long, covered with lance-shaped, long-pointed, fringed scales. Leaves light green, usually in bundles of 3 but sometimes 4 or 5, pendulous, 15-22 cm long; basal sheath persistent on the branches, about 25 mm long. Female strobiles lateral, subsessile, in clusters of 2-5, 7-10 cm long, ovoid-conic, slightly curved, oblique at the base, pale brown, persistent on the branches; scales smooth with a minute prickle. Seeds triangular, grey mottled with black, 5 mm long; wing 12-20 mm long.
Tree, 30-35 m high; bark rough, reddish. Crown wide, very open with long, horizontal to drooping branches. Leaves: 3 or 4(5) needles per fascicle; sheath persistent, 1015 mm long; needle 150-250 mm long or more, slender, pendent on branchlets. Spring shoots multinodal, ± pruinose. Male strobili crowded in small, tight, pale yellow clusters. Cones 1-12 or more clustered on stem or branches; indehiscent, long, serotinous, cones not opening for years; very persistent, sessile, asymmetrical, curved, reflexed, long-conical to conical, 70-100 x 50-70 mm; scales hard, stiff, not opening widely, scales on base of cone not opening for years. Seeds 5 x 3 mm, dark brown or almost black, winged.
Coniferous tree, up to 40 m high with a dense rounded canopy at maturity. Leaves needle-like, in bundles of three, 120-300 mm long, slender and drooping. Cones: conic-ovoid, 70-100 mm long, strongly reflexed on very short stalks; scales with sunken centres and minute deciduous prickles.
Slender tree, up to 20 m high. Needles thin, bright green, 180-300 mm long, grouped in bundles of 3, usually pendulous. Cones 70-100 mm long, ovoid conic, with an asymmetrical base, flattened apophyses without prickles.
A tree. It grows 35-40 m tall. The leaves are 19-25 cm long by 0.7-0.9 mm wide.
Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
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