Pleiogynium timoriense (Dc.) Leenh.

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Anacardiaceae > Pleiogynium

Characteristics

Tree up to 36(-48) m high and 75 cm ø. Buttresses sometimes present, up to c. 2½ m high. Bark dark-grey or grey-brown, flaky, fissured. Young branchlets usually puberulous, pubescent, or tomentose, glabrescent. Leaves with 3-6 pairs of leaflets, rachis 4-30 cm, petiole 3-12 cm, both puberulous, pubescent or tomentose, sometimes glabrescent, or glabrous. Leaflets elliptic-oblong to-lanceolate, sometimes ovate, or obovate-oblong, 3½-13½ by 2½-6cm; glabrous, sometimes sparsely or moderately hairy especially on the midrib and nerves on both surfaces (rarely only on the lower surface); with hairy domatia; base unequal, cuneate, or decurrent, sometimes obtuse; apex acute, acuminate, sometimes obtuse, or cuspidate; nerves 8-11 pairs, veins reticulate; petiolules ½-l cm, the terminal one 1-4 cm. Inflorescences: ♂ up to 30 cm long, branches up to 8½ cm long, many-flowered; ♀ rather simple, usually short, 2-3½ cm long, rarely up to 15 cm long, few-flowered; floral bracts triangular, ¼-1½ mm long; pedicels very short, up to c. ⅔ mm, articulated. Flowers greenish yellow. Calyx lobes suborbicular, ½-¾ mm long. Petals ovate-oblong, 1¾—3 by l-2½ mm. Stamens 2-3 mm, usually those opposite the calyx lobes longer than those opposite the petals; anthers ½-⅔ mm, thecae free at the lower ⅓-½, connective distinct, brown or dark brown, sometimes slightly prolonged beyond the thecae. Sterile or imperfect stamens in ♀ ⅔-l mm. Disk 1½-l¾ mm ø. Ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm ø, glabrous; styles c. ½ mm. Sterile pistil in ♂ ⅓-l mm. Drupe broadly obovoid, l½—1¾ by 1½-2 cm, red to dark brown when ripe, smooth and glabrous, obtuse or truncate at the top, the lower ⅔ lengthwise ridged, with distinct scars of styles at the apical end; endocarp rather smooth, slightly smaller than the dried drupe. Seed ¾-1¼ by ⅓ cm.
More
A medium sized deciduous tree. It can grow to 20-45 m high. It spreads 8-15 m wide. It can have buttresses. The bark is hard, grey-brown and cracked. Young growth is usually hairy. The leaves are compound. They are 10-18 cm long. The leaflets are on opposite sides of the stalk. New growth is red-brown. There are 5-11 leaflets and they are 4-10 cm long by 2-6 cm wide. The male flowers are in groups 15 cm long. The female flowers are in groups 5 cm long. The flowers are 0.8 cm across. They are white. The fruit are small and purple. They are 3-4 cm across. They have a thin acid pulp and a large irregular seed. The fruit occur singly or in bunches in the axils of leaves. They contain 5-12 seeds in a woody shell. The flesh is edible. The flesh can be white or purple.
Tree to 20 m high. Branchlets pubescent to glabrous. Leaflets mostly 5–11, lanceolate, elliptic or ovate, acute, acuminate or obtuse, often asymmetric, pubescent to glabrous, mostly 4–10 cm long and 2–6 cm wide; base acute, obtuse or attenuate, often unequal-sided; secondary veins mostly 8–10 pairs, often with pilose pocket-domatia; lateral petiolules 2–6 mm long; terminal petiolule 10–30 mm long. Calyx lobes ovate to suborbicular, 0.6–1 mm long. Petals ovate, 1.7–3.8 mm long. Male flowers: anthers 0.7–0.9 mm long; filaments 1.3–2.3 mm long. Female flowers: ovary 2.5 mm diam.; styles 1 mm long. Fruit depressed-obovoid, 2–2.5 cm long, 2–3.8 cm diam., dark purple.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 8.0 - 15.0
Mature height (meter) 20.0 - 28.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to Malesia and Australia. It grows in open forest and coastal scrub. It suits tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions. It needs well drained soil and a sunny position. It can tolerate light frost. It can tolerate slightly salty conditions. In Wittunga Botanical Gardens Adelaide.
More
Lowland forest, sometimes up to 560 m, rarely at 750-970 m. Very scattered, in many islands only once collected. Fl. fr. March-Dec.
Lowland forest, at elevations from near sea level to 560 metres, rarely found at up to 750-970 metres.
Grows in open forest, littoral forest and seasonally dry semi-evergreen vine forest and thicket.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

See Zich et al. (2018). The thin, fleshy layer on the fruit is reported to be edible when ripe.
More
The ripe fruit are edible. The flesh of the fruit is used to make jam. The seeds are edible.
Uses environmental use food material medicinal wood
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Thrush (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from fresh seed. The seeds germinate erratically. It is best to scratch the hard seed coat then soak them in warm water for 24 hours. They can also be grown by cuttings and layering.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Pleiogynium timoriense leaf picture by Hem B (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Pleiogynium timoriense fruit picture by Hem B (cc-by-sa)
Pleiogynium timoriense fruit picture by Hem B (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Pleiogynium timoriense world distribution map, present in Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Botswana, Fiji, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Turkey, and Uruguay

Conservation status

Pleiogynium timoriense threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70288-1
WFO ID wfo-0001261078
COL ID 75DJF
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 832128
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Spondias pleiogyna Owenia cerasifera Pleiogynium cerasiferum Clausena timorensis Spondias solandri Pleiogynium solandri Pleiogynium timoriense Icica timoriensis