Plumbago zeylanica L.

Wild leadwort (en), Dentelaire (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Caryophyllales > Plumbaginaceae > Plumbago

Characteristics

Creeping herb, scandent or semi-scandent shrub, laxly branched, 0.3–2.2 m. high.. Stems wiry, tough, usually woody, glabrous, often with white waxy dots, bearing prominent longitudinal ridges spaced 1–2 per mm.. Leaf-blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, rarely obovate, broad or narrow, 2.5–13 cm. long, 1–6 cm. wide, acute, acuminate or mucronate, base always cuneate, glabrous, often with white waxy dots on under surfaces; petiole 2–12 mm. long, base amplexicaul, sometimes auriculate.. Peduncles bearing prominent often dense sessile glands.. Flowers scented; pedicels 1–2 mm. long; bracts ovate, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 2–8 mm. long, 1.5–2 mm. wide, prominently ribbed, bearing abundant evenly distributed stalked glands; stalks stout, rigid, straight, 1–2 mm. long.. Calyx-teeth up to 1.5 mm. long.. Corolla white; tube 17–26 mm.; lobes obovate, 6–9(–11) mm. long, 3–5 mm. broad, acute, with shortly excurrent central nerve.. Seeds dark brown, 6 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.. Fig. 3/1, p. 7.
More
Perennial herbs or shrubs, erect, 1--3 m tall, evergreen. Branches spreading, often lianous. Petiole base sometimes auriculate; leaf blade ovate, (3--)5--8(--13) X (1.8--)2.5--4(--7) cm, thin, base cuneate to obtuse, apex acuminate and mucronate. Inflorescences spicate-racemose, (3--)5--70-flowered; peduncle 0.5--1.5 cm, glandular; rachis glandular, (2--)3--8(--15) cm; bracts subovate, 4--6(--8) X (1--)1.5--2(--2.5) mm, apex acuminate; bractlets linear, ca. 2 X 0.5 mm. Calyx 1.0--1.2 cm, to 1.3 cm after anthesis, glandular almost throughout, tube ca. 2 mm in diam. at middle. Corolla white to pale bluish white, tube 1.8--2.2 cm, limb 1.6--1.8 cm in diam.; lobes obovate to oblong-lanceolate, ca. 7 X (2--)4 mm, apex mucronate to acuminate. Anthers blue, ca. 2 mm. Ovary ellipsoid, 5-angular. Style glabrous. Capsules pale yellow-brown, oblong. Seeds red-brown, ca. 7 X 1.5 X 0.6 mm, apex acute. Fl. Oct-Mar, fr. Dec-Apr. 2n = 28.
Shrub about 1 m high, rarely up to 2 m tall and somewhat scandent, striate. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, up to 10 cm long and 6 cm broad but usually only half this size, glabrous, lepidote on the surface, petiolate; petiole 5-15 mm long, stem-clasping and slightly eared at the base. Inflorescence of simple or branched spikes, many-flowered, rhachis glandular, bracteoles oblong and acuminate or ovate or lanceolate, about half length of calyx. Calyx 1.2-1.5 cm long, shortly lobed, with long gland-tipped setae throughout its length, otherwise glabrous. Corolla white, rarely light blue; tube 2-2.5 cm long, limb 1-1.5 cm diam., lobes obovate obtuse or refuse, mucronate. Stamens about equal to the corolla tube; filaments slender, slightly dilated at the base. Ovary glabrous, 5-angled.
Plants herbaceous. Stems prost-rate, climbing, or erect, glabrous. Leaves petiolate (to 1.5 cm) or sessile; blade ovate, lance-elliptic, or spatulate to oblanceolate, (3-)5-9(-15) × (1-)2.5-4(-7) cm, base attenuate, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Inflorescences 3-15(-30) cm, rachises glandular, viscid; floral bracts lanceolate, 3-7 × 1-2 mm. Flowers heterostylous; calyx 7-11(-13) mm, tube glabrous but with stalked glands along length of ribs; corolla white, 17-33 mm, tube 12.5-28 mm (less than 2 times length of calyx), lobes 5-12 × 3-3.5 mm; stamens included. Capsules 7.5-8 mm. Seeds reddish brown to dark brown, 5-6 mm.
A herb. It grows as a shrub to 1-3 m tall. It can spread to 2 m wide. The branches are spreading. The stems are ribbed. The base of the leaf stalk can be ear shaped. The leaf blade is oval. It is 5-8 cm long by 2.5-4 cm wide. They can be larger or smaller. The base is wedge shaped and it tapers to the tip. There are 5-70 flowers in a flower cluster. The flowers are white or pale blue. The fruit is a cylindrical capsule. The seeds are red-brown. They are 7 mm by 1.5 mm.
Straggling shrub. Twigs long, not rooting, 1½-2½ m. Young leaves with caducous small auricles. Racemes 6-30 cm, glands green often red-tipped. Calyx glabrous, glandular all over, green. Corolla tube 18-22 mm, lobes obovate 6-7 mm. Anthers blue-purple. Ovary and style glabrous. Fruit oblong, acute with 5 furrows, calyx patent and recurved.
Shrub, ± 1(-2) m high. Leaves with blade ovate or oblong-ovate to narrowly ovate, ± 100 x 60 mm, lepidote. Flowers: axis of spike glandular; calyx with glandular-capitate setae from base to apex; corolla up to 30 mm long, white; Jul.-Jun.
Shrub, 1 m high, rarely up to 2 m high. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, lepidote. Axis of spike glandular. Calyx with glandular-capitate setae from base to apex. Corolla up to 30 mm long. Flowers white.
Leaf–blades ovate, ovate–lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, rarely obovate, 2·5–13 cm. long, 1–6 cm. wide, acute, acuminate or mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous, often with white waxy dots on lower surface.
Corolla white, sometimes with blue flush at base of lobes, drying pale orange; tube 17–26 mm. long, lobes obovate, 6–10 mm. long, 3–5 mm. broad, acute, with shortly excurrent central nerve.
Creeping herb, scandent or semi–scandent shrub, often much branched, to 2·5 m. tall.
Calyx 10–12 mm. long, prominently ribbed, bearing abundant stiff–stalked glands.
Bracts ovate, ovate–lanceolate or lanceolate, 2–8 mm. long, 1·5–2 mm. wide.
Petiole 2–12 mm. long, amplexicaul at base, occasionally auriculate.
Climbing shrub about 3 ft. high, viscid above
Peduncles bearing prominent sessile glands.
Stems striate, wiry, usually woody.
Calyx teeth up to 1·5 mm. long.
Flowers white, 3/4 in. long
Flowers sweetly scented.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support climber
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 1.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It suits tropical and subtropical locations. It is damaged by frost. It suits shaded sites. It can grow in acid or slightly alkaline soils. It grows between 100-1600 m altitude in S China. It can grow on termite mounds. In XRBG Yunnan. In Sichuan.
More
Almost exclusively found in rather open, human-created habitats such as savannah, forest edges and fallow fields, at elevations up to 1,000 metres. Disturbed, arid habitats such as sand dunes, dry forest and shrubland in Hawaii.
Both under feeble and strong dry-season conditions, preferably in the latter, always in anthropogenic localities, savannahs, thickets, &c, up to 1000 m, fl. Jan.-Dec.
In thickets and near villages.
Light -
Soil humidity 1-3
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The leaves are used for making a drink. They are also cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The roots are fermented to make a drink. CAUTION: It is probably mainly used as a medicine.
Uses animal food environmental use food magical plant material medicinal ornamental poison social use
Edible leaves roots
Therapeutic use Antirheumatic (External) (bark), Dermatological Aid (fruit), Antirheumatic (External) (leaf), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Antirheumatic (External) (root), Abortifacient agents (root), Abscess (root), Anti-bacterial agents (root), Antifungal agents (root), Anti-infective agents (root), Antirheumatic agents (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Arthralgia (root), Back pain (root), Bronchitis (root), Diarrhea (root), Diuretics (root), Dysentery (root), Dyspepsia (root), Edema (root), Hemorrhoids (root), Hypohidrosis (root), Insect repellents (root), Insecticides (root), Laryngitis (root), Leprosy (root), Skin diseases (root), Urinary bladder calculi (root), Antiperiodic (root), Abortifacient (unspecified), Abortive (unspecified), Abscess (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fungicide (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Tumor(Glands) (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vesicant (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Digestive (unspecified), Flu (unspecified), Anasarca (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Candida (unspecified), Funereal (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Counterirritant (unspecified), Enema (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Chest (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Erysipelas (unspecified), Gangrene (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Rubefacient (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Tumor(Joint) (unspecified), Sialogogue (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Love-Charm (unspecified), Anti-obesity agents (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Digestive system diseases (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Epilepsy (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Hypohidrosis (unspecified), Hysteria (unspecified), Influenza, human (unspecified), Neoplasms (unspecified), Nervous system diseases (unspecified), Prurigo (unspecified), Rheumatic diseases (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (whole plant), Colic (whole plant), Digestive system diseases (whole plant), Flatulence (whole plant), Hemorrhoids (whole plant), Vitiligo (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings of firm young growth.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 25 - 30
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Plumbago zeylanica habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica habit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Plumbago zeylanica leaf picture by Prakash Rudraraju (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica leaf picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Plumbago zeylanica flower picture by Prakash Rudraraju (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica flower picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Plumbago zeylanica fruit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica fruit picture by Jean-Christophe Lombardo (cc-by-sa)
Plumbago zeylanica fruit picture by susan brown (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Plumbago zeylanica world distribution map, present in Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, American Samoa, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Botswana, Central African Republic, China, Cameroon, Congo, Cook Islands, Colombia, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Guinea, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Saint Lucia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Montserrat, Martinique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Mayotte, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Réunion, Sudan, Singapore, El Salvador, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, Suriname, eSwatini, Seychelles, Turks and Caicos Islands, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States of America, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:687109-1
WFO ID wfo-0000487062
COL ID 6W3PK
BDTFX ID 164371
INPN ID 445895
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Plumbago scandens Molubda scandens Findlaya alba Thela alba Plumbago viscosa Plumbagidium scandens Plumbago zeylanica var. zeylanica Plumbago zeylanica