Portulacaria afra Jacq.

Elephant bush (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Caryophyllales > Didiereaceae > Portulacaria

Characteristics

Succulent shrub or small tree, 2-4 m tall, with trunk up to 30 cm or more in diameter, glabrous; twigs reddish-brown, swollen and compressed at the nodes. Leaves fleshy, opposite, more or less obovate, c. 1.5 cm long, contracted to the base but not petiolate. Flowers small, fasciculate, in terminal and lateral racemes or subpaniculate; spicate-racemes 4-6 cm long, the branches shorter. Pedicels slender c. 5 mm long, somewhat swollen at the apex. Sepals 2, crescent-shaped, about 0.5 mm long, surrounding the base of the flower, membranous and becoming somewhat rigid. Corolla shortly united at the base, 2-2.5 mm long, subpersistent, shades of pink; petals (4)5, ± obovate-oblong, slightly cuculate at apex, short-lived, persistent. Stamens 5(7-10), arising from base of petals; filaments slightly connate at base, narrowing upwards into slender connectives; anthers attached above base, red, becoming crescent-shaped on dehiscence, sometimes barren or aborted. Ovary 3-angled or-winged, 1-locular, with single, basal, erect ovule; style 0; stigmas 3, spreading-recurved, muricate-glandular on upper surface. Fruit 3-angled, 3-winged, indehiscent.
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Densely branched shrub or small tree 2–4 m high, branches brittle with jointed nodes; bark smooth, shiny, the twigs reddish-brown, older wood grey.. Leaves broadly obovate, glossy, very juicy, 1–2.5 cm long, 8–15 mm wide, rounded, sometimes apiculate, cuneate to a brief petiole.. Inflorescences terminal and axillary on the upper branchlets; flowers small, starry, produced in profusion, in fascicles racemosely arranged on an axis 3–7 cm long; pedicels slender, 2.5–5 mm long.. Sepals crescent-shaped, membranous, becoming rigid, 0.5–0.8 mm long; petals pale rosy-pink or mauve, narrowly obovate-oblong, slightly hooded, ± 2 mm long, subpersistent; stamens slightly longer than the petals, the filaments broadened downwards; ovary ellipsoid.. Fruit ellipsoid, 5 mm long, 3-angled, winged on the angles, translucent, glossy, pink, pendant.. Seed tear-shaped, 2 mm long, a narrow bilobed aril at the base.. Fig. 7 (p. 38).
Succulent, glabrous shrub with stout, sometimes waxy branches, 1-4 m high. Leaves opposite, succulent, obovate, white-waxy. Flowers ± 10, fascicled in membranous, depressed ovate bracts, on terminal branchlets. Sepals 2, membranous, becoming somewhat rigid, persistent. Petals connate into a short tube with 4 or 5 obovate lobes, pink to mauve. Stamens 4-7, adnate to petals; anthers often aborted. Ovary superior, 3-angled or narrowly 3-winged, 1-locular; ovule solitary, basal; style short; stigmas 3, slightly spreading. Flowering time Sept.-Feb. Fruit a thin-walled, 3-winged nut, indehiscent.
A small juicy leafed tree. It grows to about 1-4.5 m tall. The branches are grey and shiny. The new stems are reddish-brown. The roots are thick and clasp rocks. The leaves are flat and fleshy. They are simple and oval. They are slightly pointed and narrow to the base. They occur in opposite pairs at right angles down the twigs. The twigs are red. The leaves are edible. The flowers are star like and small. The flowers are pink or purple. The fruit is small and three winged. They are transparent and have a single seed inside. The leaves are edible.
Succulent shrub or small tree, up to 5 m high. Leaves fleshy, obovate, sessile. Small flowers produced in profusion, in dense sprays at ends of short lateral branchlets. Flowers pink to mauve.
Succulent shrub or small tree to 3 m. Leaves opposite, fleshy, obovate. Flowers in fascicles on terminal branches, pink.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality -
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0 - 1.5
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 4.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway cam

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in drier places. It can be damaged by frost. It can stand high temperatures. It grows in areas with an annual rainfall 250-750 mm. It grows between sea level and 1,000 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places. Melbourne Botanical Gardens. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
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Warm situations on rocky slopes and dry river valleys in in rocky areas of dry succulent karoo scrub, thicket and bushveld.
Light 4-8
Soil humidity 1-5
Soil texture 6-7
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 11-12

Usage

The leaves can be eaten raw. They are tart and used in small amounts in salads.
Uses animal food bee plant eating environmental use fodder food gene source hedge invertebrate food material medicinal social use
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from cuttings. One year old wood is best to use. The plants can be pruned into a hedge. Many branches on trees come into contact with the soil and form roots. These natural layers can be used for planting. They can also be grown from seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Portulacaria afra habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)

Leaf

Portulacaria afra leaf picture by helmut spudich (cc-by-sa)
Portulacaria afra leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Portulacaria afra leaf picture by Bernard Frankel (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Portulacaria afra fruit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Portulacaria afra world distribution map, present in Brazil, India, Mozambique, eSwatini, and South Africa

Conservation status

Portulacaria afra threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:699417-1
WFO ID wfo-0000799101
COL ID 4M2HD
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Portulacaria portulacaria Portulacaria afra f. variegata Portulacaria afra f. macrophylla Portulacaria afra f. microphylla Portulacaria afra