Premna serratifolia L.

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Lamiaceae > Premna

Characteristics

A much branched shrub or tree 2.5–8 m. tall, rarely scandent or even prostrate; stems pubescent, puberulous or glabrescent, striate.. Leaf-blades oblong to obovate-elliptic, 2.5–15(–17) cm. long, 2–8.5(–14) cm. wide, obtuse to subacute or shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded to subcordate at the base, entire or crenate (serrate in some extra-African varieties), glabrous or some hairs at base of midrib and in lower nerve-axils beneath or on midrib and venation (some extra-African varieties have velvety leaves); petiole 0.4–1.5 cm. long.. Flowers unpleasantly aromatic in extensive corymbs 4–7(–15) cm. long, 4–14(–23) cm. wide; peduncles 2–2.5 cm. long; axes densely puberulous; bracts ± linear, 1–3 mm. long.. Calyx campanulate, adpressed pubescent; tube 1–2 mm. long, rim ± 2-lipped, very shortly lobed, the lobes ± 0.5 mm. long.. Corolla greenish white, scented; tube cylindrical or ± funnel-shaped, 2.5–4 mm. long, pubescent outside above and at throat; limb 2-lipped, one lip entire, the other 3-lobed; lobes 1.2–1.5 mm. long, 1.2–2 mm. wide, glabrous or adpressed puberulous outside.. Fruits black, subglobose, 4 mm. diameter, glabrous or pulverulent.
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Tree to 10 m high, often stunted; branchlets glabrous, often with hairs and glands at nodes. Leaves: lamina ovate to oblong, 3–14.5 cm long, 1.5–10 cm wide, rounded or truncate at base, entire margin, obtuse or acuminate at apex, glabrous, the undersurface glandular; petiole 1–3.5 cm long. Pedicels 0.5 mm long. Calyx 2-lipped with 1 lip 2-toothed, the other obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla colour unknown; tube 1–2 mm long, usually glabrous outside, somewhat constricted at insertion of stamens; lobes glabrous. Stamens just exceeding tube, shorter than lobes; filaments c. 0.5 mm long; anther locules not divergent at base. Ovary glabrous; style exceeding stamens and corolla lobes. Drupe 3–4 mm diam., glabrous. See also Cooper & Cooper (2004: 240), Zich et al. (2020).
Leaves opposite; blades 2.5–13.5(15) × 2–9 cm or more, broadly elliptic, elliptic-oblong or obovate-elliptic to suborbicular, rounded obtuse to subacute or shortly acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded to subcordate at the base, entire or crenate or subserrate to coarsely serrate above the middle, chartaceous to firmly membranaceous, dark green on both surfaces, glabrous or appressed pilose on the midrib and the main lateral nerves, or some hairs at the base of the midrib and in the lower nerve axils beneath; lateral nerves 3–5 per side, slender, ± prominent above, prominent beneath; petiole 0.5–3 cm long, usually slender, canaliculate, pubescent or puberulent, rarely hispid.
Corolla pale yellowish, whitish-green or greenish, 2-lipped; tube c. 3.5 mm long, cylindrical or ± funnel-shaped, pubescent outside and at the throat; limb upper lip 1.5 × 1.4 mm, entire or 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, with the median lobe c. 1.5 × 2 mm and slightly concave, the lateral lobes a little smaller, glabrous or appressed puberulous outside.
A spreading shrub. It grows 2-4 m tall. It can be 12 m tall. The leaves are opposite and large. They are oval and shiny green. They are leathery and have prominent veins. The midrib is raised underneath the leaf. The flowers are in clusters near the ends of branches. They are greenish white. Fruit are small and green. They turn black at maturity.
Calyx 2.6 × 2.8 mm, campanulate, 2-lipped, with the upper lip entire or 2-lobed and the lower lip entire or shallowly 2–3-dentate, slightly puberulous and glandular on the outside.
Inflorescences terminal, corymbose, 3–8 × 4–10(14) cm or larger; peduncles 2–2.5 cm long, appressed-pilose; bracts 1–3 mm long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
A much branched bushy shrub or tree up to 8 m tall, sometimes with sarmentose branches; indumentum of spreading simple or multicellular hairs.
Stamens didynamous, slightly exserted; filaments c. 1.8 mm long, filiform, wider and pilose at the base; anthers c. 0.6 mm long, ovoid.
Fruit black, c. 4 × 4 mm, subglobose, sitting in a shallowly cupuliform accrescent fruiting calyx 3–3.5 mm in diameter.
Branches striate, glabrescent; branchlets densely short-pubescent or appressed pilose; leaf-scars prominent.
Flowers unpleasantly aromatic.
Ovary incompletely 4-locular.
Style c. 4.8 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support climber free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 5.0 - 8.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Grows on beaches, littoral rainforest, monsoon forest, lowland rainforest, edge of mangroves. On Christmas Island the specimens are all from windswept locations. On Cocos (Keeling) Islands it grows in strand forest on islands of both atolls with Calophyllum inophyllum, Guettarda speciosa and Pisonia grandis and in regrowth in Cocos plantations in coralline sand.
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A tropical plant. It occurs in coastal vine thickets and on dunes. It grows in sandy soil along sea coasts and mangrove forests. It grows from sea level to 500 m altitude in Samoa. In Fiji it is usually below 200 m altitude. It grows in sandy soils and limestone. Mt Cootha Botanical Gardens.
Forest regrowth, brushwood and hedges, often near the sea. Mixed and open forests on mountain slopes and along streams at elevations of 100-300 metres in southern China.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The seeds are eaten by children in Tuvalu. The ripe fruit have been eaten with yam in Vanuatu. The leaves and tender shoots are cooked and eaten as greens. They are mixed with other vegetables and eaten with rice of meat. They are used to add flavour. The fruit is eaten mixed with rice in the Andaman Islands.
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A traditional medicinal plant with various uses, the strong smelling leaves and bitter roots contain alkaloids (Beasley 2009: 119).
Uses dye material medicinal oil social use wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Antirheumatic agents (leaf), Appetite stimulants (leaf), Colic (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Cough (leaf), Dyspepsia (leaf), Fever (leaf), Flatulence (leaf), Galactogogues (leaf), Hemorrhage (leaf), Lactation disorders (leaf), Neoplasms (leaf), Neuralgia (leaf), Analgesics (root), Anorexia (root), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Antipyretics (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Asthenia (root), Asthma (root), Astringents (root), Bronchitis (root), Cardiotonic agents (root), Cardiovascular diseases (root), Colic (root), Cough (root), Diabetes mellitus (root), Dyspepsia (root), Expectorants (root), Fever (root), Flatulence (root), Hemorrhage (root), Infection (root), Inflammation (root), Laxatives (root), Leprosy (root), Liver diseases (root), Neuralgia (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Skin diseases (root), Depurative (root), Anodyne (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Muscle (unspecified), Philter (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Uterotonic (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Deodorant (unspecified), Lactagogue (unspecified), Pneumonia (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Masticatory (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Digestive system diseases (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Laxatives (unspecified), Liver diseases (unspecified), Neurotic disorders (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Stomach diseases (unspecified), Urticaria (unspecified), Galactogogues (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (whole plant), Neuralgia (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Premna serratifolia habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Premna serratifolia leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia leaf picture by nicoplant (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia leaf picture by Janelle Jkhjung (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Premna serratifolia flower picture by Saenz Daniel (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia flower picture by nicoplant (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Premna serratifolia fruit picture by Mayoge Bukapuka (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia fruit picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)
Premna serratifolia fruit picture by Spark Rodriguez Lee (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Premna serratifolia world distribution map, present in Andorra, Australia, Bangladesh, Cook Islands, Comoros, Fiji, Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova (Republic of), Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nauru, Pitcairn, Philippines, Réunion, Solomon Islands, Seychelles, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, and Samoa

Conservation status

Premna serratifolia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864424-1
WFO ID wfo-0000282838
COL ID 77WSJ
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447679
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Premna attenuata Premna atra Premna congesta Premna hircina Premna populifolia Premna punctulata Premna subglabra Premna tiliifolia Premna timoriana Premna truncata Scrophularioides arborea Premna abbreviata Premna benguetensis Premna benthamiana Premna ceramensis Premna cyclophylla Premna dallachyana Premna dentatifolia Premna foetida Premna gaudichaudii Premna glycycocca Premna kunstleri Premna leytensis Premna media Premna membranifolia Premna nauseosa Premna nitida Premna obtusifolia Premna opulifolia Premna ovata Premna paniculata Premna papuana Premna parviflora Premna perrottetii Premna sumatrana Premna tateana Premna woodii Premna wrayi Premna sambucina Gumira abbreviata Gumira attenuata Gumira ceramensis Gumira cyclophylla Gumira dallachyana Gumira divaricata Gumira domestica Gumira integrifolia Gumira laevigata Gumira limbata Gumira nauseosa Gumira nitida Gumira opulifolia Gumira truncata Citharexylum paniculatum Gumira punctulata Gumira foetida Premna borneensis Premna brongersmai Premna glabra Premna laevigata Premna leucostoma Premna limbata Premna spinosa Premna subcordata Cornutia corymbosa Premna corymbosa Premna integrifolia Premna guillauminii var. serrata Premna integrifolia var. angustior Premna obtusifolia var. gaudichaudii Premna obtusifolia var. velutina Premna integrifolia var. minor Premna serratifolia var. minor Premna integrifolia var. obtusifolia Premna corymbosa var. obtusifolia Premna corymbosa var. sambucina Premna dallachyana var. obtusisepala Premna tahitensis var. rimatarensis Premna tahitensis var. rapensis Premna corymbosa var. madagascariensis Premna obtusifolia var. madagascariensis Premna obtusifolia var. minor Premna obtusifolia var. pubescens Premna obtusifolia var. angustior Premna angustior Premna arborea Premna integrifolia Premna guillauminii f. serrata Premna dallachyana var. typica Premna serratifolia