Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

Eastern brakenfern (en), Fougère-aigle (fr), Porte-aigle (fr), Ptéridie aigle (fr), Ptéridium aigle (fr), Fougère aigle (fr)

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Dennstaedtiaceae > Pteridium

Characteristics

Rhizome widely creeping, with spaced stipe bases; densely haired, hairs ferruginous, pluricellular, up to 1.7 mm long. Fronds widely spaced, erect, the apical part often arching, up to 1.1 m long. Stipe rigid, brown, up to 830 mm long, up to 8 mm in diam.; subterranean part closely set with hairs similar to those on rhizome; section above ground initially closely set with appressed unicellular and pluricellular acicular hairs. Lamina oblong-ovate, up to 3-pinnate-pinnatifid, up to 600 x 800 mm, with up to 14 pinna pairs. Pinnae up to 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, deltate to broadly ovate, up to 400 x 320 mm; petioles up to 40 mm long; with up to 15 petiolated pinnule pairs; ultimate segments coriaceous, oblong-acute to oblong-obtuse, entire, margins usually revolute, up to 9 x 3 mm; adaxially sparsely haired; abaxially densely haired. Sori linear, along a continuous or near-continuous marginal vascular commissure. Indusium marginal; the outer linear, stramineous to hyaline, fimbriate, up to 0.9 mm long; the inner indusium partly developed, composed of groups of closely spaced acicular hairs.
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Stipe and rachis dark chestnut-brown at base, yellow-brown at apex, bearing sparse non-glandular hairs or ± glabrous; stipe to 130 cm long, 10–12 mm diam., woody. Lamina broadly elliptic or broadly ovate, to 180 cm long and 100 cm wide, 3-or 4-pinnate at base, glabrous above, with abundant colourless (occasionally red-brown) spreading non-glandular hairs along midribs and veins of undersurface. Longest primary pinnae to 85 cm long and 40 cm wide. Secondary pinnae arising at wide angles; to 24 cm long and 8 cm wide; midribs of primary and secondary pinnae lacking free lobes or wings. Tertiary pinnae decreasing gradually in length on each secondary pinna; longest to 40 mm long and 13 mm wide, sometimes with winged midribs. Quaternary pinnae to 6 mm long and 2 mm wide; ultimate pinnules linear, straight, acute, entire, adnate. Indusium to 5 mm wide, membranous, fimbriate, hairy. [Sporangia and spores not seen in Australian material.]
Rhizome c. 7 mm in diameter when dried; hairs 1-1.5 mm long. Fronds erect, 0.5-1.5 m tall, basal pinnae as long as to half as long as lamina and with pinnae ascending or held horizontally; stipe woody, brown, up to 0.4 m long, swollen just above ground level, glabrous above this level; lamina deltate to oblong-ovate, 3-to 4-pinnate; pinnae ovate-deltate to oblong, acute, up to 0.4 x 0.15 m; pinnule segments deeply pinnatifid in larger pinnae into obtuse narrowly oblong lobes, upper surface glabrous to thinly pubescent, under surface subglabrous or thinly pubescent to densely pu-bescent-tomentose with pale brown hairs. Sori elongate, submarginal on ultimate segments; pseudo-indusium membranous, ciliate, c. 0.5 mm wide.
Petioles scattered along creeping stems, 0.3--3.5 m, shallowly to deeply grooved adaxially, base not strongly distinct from stem. Blades broadly deltate, papery to leathery, sparsely to densely hairy abaxially, rarely glabrous. Pinnae often opposite to subopposite [alternate]; proximal pinnae often prolonged basiscopically, each proximal pinna nearly equal to distal part of leaf in size and dissection (except in var. caudata ). Segments alternate, numerous.
Perennial with deep, subterranean rhizome. Fronds erect, to 1.5 m long, stipe glabrous at maturity, lamina coriaceous, deltate, 3-or 4-pinnate, pinnule segments deeply pinnatifid into obtuse, oblong lobes, glabrous or thinly pubescent above, densely pubescent-tomentose beneath. Sori elongate, submarginal, pseudo-indusium ciliate.
A fern. The leaves are fleshy and simple. They are leathery. The spores are on spikes at the ends of the plant.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination hydrogamy
Spread anemochory autochory
Mature width (meter) 1.75
Mature height (meter) 1.2 - 1.35
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Grows on swamp margin and on damp shaded banks in an area densely overgrown with exotic species regenerating from adjacent garden after bushfire.
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Heath, woodland and grassland. A common and highly invasive weed of acid soils, it is rarely found on limestone or wet peats.
Heath, woodland and grassland. A common and highly invasive weed of acid soils, it is rarely found on limestone or wet peats.
It is a temperate plant. It grows in shady places.
Light 3-6
Soil humidity 2-5
Soil texture 3-5
Soil acidity 1-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

The very young fiddle heads are peeled and boiled and eaten. The water is often changed several times. They are canned for later use. The rhizomes are used as an ingredient in bread. They are also pickled. Caution: This plant contains chemicals that cause cancer.
Uses animal food dye fiber food fuel gene source material medicinal oil poison social use
Edible fronds leaves rhizomes roots shoots
Therapeutic use Analgesic (leaf), Antirheumatic (External) (leaf), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Orthopedic Aid (leaf), Chronic disease (leaf), Antihemorrhagic (rhizome), Cold Remedy (rhizome), Dietary Aid (rhizome), Astringents (rhizome), Antiemetic (root), Disinfectant (root), Misc. Disease Remedy (root), Tonic (root), Dermatological Aid (root), Blood Medicine (root), Witchcraft Medicine (root), Analgesic (root), Gynecological Aid (root), Burn Dressing (root), Cancer Treatment (shoot), Tuberculosis Remedy (tuber), Poison (unspecified), Antidiarrheal (unspecified), Antirheumatic (Internal) (unspecified), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Liver Aid (unspecified), Tuberculosis Remedy (unspecified), Urinary Aid (unspecified), Venereal Aid (unspecified), Veterinary Aid (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Breast (unspecified), Carcinogenic (unspecified), Cyanogenetic (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Mutagenic (unspecified), Puberty (unspecified), Sclerosis(Spleen) (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Sialogogue (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Taenifuge (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Gastritis (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Spasm (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Intestine (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity very strong toxic (whole)

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Pteridium aquilinum habit picture by Tristan Jaton-Maria (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum habit picture by Jean-Louis Fagard (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum habit picture by Anna Ekmark (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Pteridium aquilinum leaf picture by Rob van Kessel (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum leaf picture by Celma Oscar (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum leaf picture by Lisa (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Pteridium aquilinum flower picture by Audrey Gubian (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum flower picture by Georges Olioso (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum flower picture by gogol Bayram (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Pteridium aquilinum fruit picture by Rintala Thomas (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum fruit picture by Rintala Thomas (cc-by-sa)
Pteridium aquilinum fruit picture by Kamil Kunert (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Pteridium aquilinum world distribution map, present in Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Algeria, Egypt, Spain, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, North Macedonia, Malta, Montenegro, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Palestine, State of, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United States of America, Yemen, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17210060-1
WFO ID wfo-0001107402
COL ID 4PTWY
BDTFX ID 75311
INPN ID 116265
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Allosorus capensis Cincinalis lanuginosa Pteris nudicaulis Pteris auriculata Pteris gardneri Allosorus acutifolius Cincinalis gleditschii Pteridium heredia Pteris brevipes Pteris firma Pteris heredia Pteris foemina Pteris borealis Pteridium aquilinum Pteris aquilina Allosorus aquilinus Ornithopteris aquilina Filix aquilina Asplenium aquilinum Eupteris aquilina Pteridium tauricum Pteris aquilina f. glabrior Filix-foemina aquilina Allosorus tauricus Pteris recurvata Onychium capense Polypodium austriacum Pteridium ceheginense Cincinalis aquilina Allosorus villosus Filix-foemina vulgaris Paesia aquilina Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum Pteris aquilina var. languinosa Pteridium aquilinum var. lanuginosum Pteridium aquilinum var. aquilinum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. typicum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. brevipes Pteridium aquilinum subsp. aquilinum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. atlanticum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. fulvum Pteridium pinetorum subsp. osmundaceum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. tauricum Pteridium pinetorum subsp. sibiricum Pteridium pinetorum subsp. sajanense Pteris aquilina var. transcaucasica Pteridium aquilinum var. osmundaceum Pteridium aquilinum subsp. herediae