Rhus chinensis Mill.

Chinese sumac (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Anacardiaceae > Rhus

Characteristics

Small tree or shrub, 4-12 m high and 6-18 cm Ø. Leaves imparipinnate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets; rachis 10-30 cm, sometimes winged, petiole 8-11 cm, both tomentose. Leaflets subcoriaceous, ovate-oblong, rarely ovate or lanceolate, 5-15 by 2½-8 cm; margin crenate-dentate; lower surface tomentose and also distinctly papillose, without domatia; upper surface tomentose on the midrib, the rest sparsely hairy; base unequal, cuneate, in terminal leaflets sometimes attenuate or decurrent; apex acute or acuminate; nerves 14-20 pairs, veins reticulate-scalariform, distinct below, rather faint above; lateral petiolules 0 or very short, terminal one 2l/2-3½ cm. Inflorescences paniculate, terminal, very rarely also in one or more leaf axils at the end of a twig, up to 40 cm long, tomentose, branches up to 25 cm; bracts triangular to lanceolate, ⅓-1 mm long; pedicels ⅓-⅔ mm. Flowers white or pale yellow-green. Calyx lobes triangular, c. ⅔ mm long. Petals broad-elliptic or oblong, 2-2¼ by 1¼-1½ mm, sparsely pilose on the inner surface. Stamens 2 mm; anthers broad-ellipsoid, ⅔-¾ mm long; staminodes in ♀ 1-1½ mm. Disk discoid or short-cupular, c. ¾ mm Ø. Ovary globose, c. ½ mm Ø, densely puberulous; pistil-lode in ♂ c. ¾ mm long. Drupe subglobose, c. 5 mm Ø, densely puberulous; exocarp separating from mesocarp in ripe fruits.
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Shrubs to trees, 2-10 m tall; branchlets ferruginous pubescent, lenticellate. Leaf blade sessile, imparipinnately compound; rachis broadly winged to wingless, ferruginous pubescent; leaflets (5-)7-13; leaflet blade ovate to oblong, increasing in size toward apex, 6-12 × 3-7 cm, adaxially dark green, sparsely pubescent or glabrescent, abaxially lighter green, glaucous, and ferruginous pubescent, base rounded to cuneate in terminal leaflet, margin dentate, often crenate, apex acute, lateral veins and reticulate venation impressed adaxially and prominent abaxially. Inflorescence many branched, densely ferruginous pubescent, male ones 30-40 cm, female ones shorter. Pedicel ca. 1 mm, minutely pubescent; flowers white. Male flowers: calyx minutely pubescent, lobes long ovate, ca. 1 mm, with ciliate margins; petals obovate-oblong, ca. 2 mm; stamen filaments ca. 2 mm, anthers ovoid, ca. 0.7 mm; disk annular; ovary reduced to absent. Female flowers: calyx lobes ca. 0.6 mm; petals elliptic-ovate, ca. 1.6 mm; staminodes much reduced; disk annular; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm, densely white pubescent, styles 3, stigma capitate. Drupe globose, slightly compressed, 4-5 mm in diam., mixed pilose and glandular-pubescent, red at maturity. Fl. Aug-Sep, fr. Oct.
A shrub. It loses its leaves during the year. It grows 2-4 m high. Its shoots are downy. The branches have spines. The leaves have leaflets along the stalk. The leaves are 40 cm long. There are 7-13 leaflets on a stalk. The leaflets are about 5-12 cm long by 2-5 cm wide. The leaves turn red in autumn. The flowers are white. They are in cone shaped clusters. The fruit are round. They are bright orange-red.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 4.0 - 8.0
Mature height (meter) 4.0 - 7.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.7
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a warm temperate plant. It grows on forested hilly areas. In Borneo it grows up to 2,800 m above sea level. In Sikkim it grows between 600-1,800 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 8-11. Mt Cootha Botanical Gardens. Arboretum Tasmania. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
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Lowland, hill, and mountain forests, forests along streams, thickets; at elevations from 100-2,800 metres. An understorey plant of primary and secondary forest and thickets at elevations from 900-1,200 metres in Indonesia.
Lowland, hill, and mountain forests, forests along streams, thickets; at elevations from 100-2,800 metres. An understorey plant of primary and secondary forest and thickets at elevations from 900-1,200 metres in Indonesia.
In primary and secondary forest and thickets, 900-1200 m; in China (Yunnan) up to 3200 m. Fl. July-Oct.; fr. March, Sept.-Nov.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-10

Usage

The fruit are used to make soup. They are very sour. The fruit are boiled and used in pickles. They are also boiled with sugar and used as a drink. The fruit are also used as a substitute for rennet in preparation of curd. The pounded seeds are added to foods as a spice and in chilli sauce. The seeds are used in chutney. The young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. They are boiled with rice.
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Uses. Imported galls are in use as medicine (cf. HEYNE Nutt. Pl. 1927 979 ).
Uses dye environmental use fodder food material medicinal oil spice wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Colic (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Astringents (gall), Edema (gall), Expectorants (gall), Wounds and injuries (gall), Astringent (unspecified), Cholagogue (unspecified), Circulation (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Decoagulant (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fracture (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Laryngitis (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Spermatorrhea (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Trauma (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Alexiteric (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 30 - 90
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -18
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Rhus chinensis habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Rhus chinensis habit picture by Vietnam Gardener (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Rhus chinensis leaf picture by Vietnam Gardener (cc-by-sa)
Rhus chinensis leaf picture by motoj (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Rhus chinensis fruit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Rhus chinensis world distribution map, present in Bhutan, China, Indonesia, India, Japan, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Rhus chinensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:70452-1
WFO ID wfo-0000402760
COL ID 4SMYY
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Schinus indicus Rhus osbeckii Rhus chinensis Rhus japonica Toxicodendron semialatum Rhus semialata Rhus simonii Rhus semialata Rhus javanica var. chinensis Rhus semialata var. osbeckii Rhus chinensis var. chinensis

Lower taxons

Rhus chinensis var. roxburghii