Santalum album L.

Sandalwood (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Santalales > Santalaceae > Santalum

Characteristics

Trees, 4–9 m, upright or clambering, sprawling among other vegetation; branches slightly angular-striate. Leaves: petiole 2-ribbed, 1–1.8 cm; blade ovate to lanceolate-elliptic, 3.5–6 × 1.1–2.3 cm, apex obtuse or acute, adaxial surface shiny, darker green than abaxial surface; venation brochidodromous. Inflorescences: peduncles 4–11 mm. Pedicels to 1 mm. Flowers 3–4 mm; petals turning rose to crimson red or maroon through maturation, reflexed, triangular, 2 mm, post-staminal hairs white, long, coarse; nectary lobes reddish, ovate, prominent; stamens situated between nectary lobes; filaments longer than anther, positioning anthers above nectary lobes at height of stigma; styles 2 mm. Pseudodrupes nearly spheric, 7 × 8 mm, borne on short peduncle, often 1 per dichasium; epicarp dark red to black, mesocarp smooth. Seeds spheric. 2n = 20.
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Shrub, sometimes scandent, to 3.3 m. Branchlets slightly angular-striate. Leaves ovate, sometimes broadly lanceolate-elliptic, obtuse or acute, slightly discolorous, light green; lamina mostly 2.5-7 cm long and 1.5-4 cm wide; reticulate venation evident; margins flat or slightly recurved; petiole 2-ribbed, 5-15 mm long. Flowers up to 6 in small terminal and axillary panicles or umbels; peduncle 4-11 mm long; pedicels less than 1 mm long. Receptacle 2 mm long. Tepals triangular to ovate, obtuse, c. 2 mm long, red or green; hair tufts long, coarse. Disc with prominent, ovate lobes. Style 2 mm long; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe ±sessile, ellipsoidal, 7-8 mm long, with small apical collar; epicarp dark red to black; endocarp smooth.
A shrub or small tree. It grows to 3 m high. The leaves are opposite and smooth. They are oval and 2.5-7 cm long by 1.5-4 cm wide. They are light green above and paler underneath. The stalk is about 1 cm long and has a groove. The flowers are small and red or green. They are about 0.5 cm long. The fruit are smooth and round. They are fleshy with a stone inside. The fruit are 0.7-1 cm across. They are shiny red to black when ripe. There is a single seed inside. It normally feeds on the roots of nearby plants for some of its nutrients. It cannot grow on the roots of the Mango family.
Evergreen shrub or small tree.. Leaves opposite, petiolate, often glaucous beneath, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4–9 x 1.5–3.5 cm, pinnately nerved.. Flowers in thyrses, 1–3 per bract.. Perianth pale green turning purplish inside, the lobes 4(–5), 2 mm long, bearing a small stamen in a tuft of hairs.. Fruit a drupe, reddish purple turning black, subglobose, 1–1.5 cm diameter.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 4.0 - 6.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It is native to India. It grows in dry rocky mountain slopes. It is a tropical plant. It suits seasonally dry regions. It grows on dunes near the coast. It cannot tolerate frost. Bombay. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Mostly found in dry deciduous and scrub forests where the vegetation type is a typical monsoon vine thicket growing on pure sand. Also found in wet forests.
Grows in sand in shrubland behind mangroves and by billabongs.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The bark is sometimes chewed instead of betel nuts. Sandalwood essence adds a flavour to syrups. An essential oil from the heartwood and roots is used as flavouring in commercial chewing gum, bakery products, ice cream and candy. The fruit is edible when ripe.
Uses animal food dye environmental use essential oil fodder food gum material medicinal oil ornamental social use timber wood
Edible barks fruits roots seeds
Therapeutic use Contraceptive agents (seed), Acne (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Ache(Bones) (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Callus (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Cosmetic (unspecified), Cystitis (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Enterosis (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fits (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Hiccup (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Numbness (unspecified), Perfume (unspecified), Splenitis (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urethritis (unspecified), Urogenital (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Elephantiasis (unspecified), Fumigant (unspecified), Gleet (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Gastralgia (unspecified), Amnesia (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-infective agents, local (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antimitotic agents (unspecified), Antineoplastic agents (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Antiviral agents (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Asthenia (unspecified), Blister (unspecified), Bronchial diseases (unspecified), Burns (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Cardiovascular diseases (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Dementia (unspecified), Disinfectants (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Disorder of ejaculation (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Gallbladder diseases (unspecified), Gastrointestinal diseases (unspecified), Heart diseases (unspecified), Hemoptysis (unspecified), Hemostasis (unspecified), Hyperhidrosis (unspecified), Hypnotics and sedatives (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Irritable bowel syndrome (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Kidney diseases (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Leukorrhea (unspecified), Menorrhagia (unspecified), Mental disorders (unspecified), Migraine disorders (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), General tonic for rejuvenation (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Smallpox (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Tremor (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Urogenital system (unspecified), Urologic diseases (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Wound healing (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Cooling effect on body (unspecified), Anti-bacterial agents (wood), Anti-infective agents, local (wood), Anti-inflammatory agents (wood), Antipruritics (wood), Bronchitis (wood), Burns (wood), Cardiomyopathies (wood), Cardiotonic agents (wood), Constipation (wood), Cough (wood), Cystitis (wood), Diarrhea (wood), Diuretics (wood), Dysmenorrhea (wood), Dysuria (wood), Erysipelas (wood), Exanthema (wood), Expectorants (wood), Fever (wood), Gonorrhea (wood), Gout (wood), Headache (wood), Heart diseases (wood), Hematologic diseases (wood), Hemoptysis (wood), Hemorrhage (wood), Hypnotics and sedatives (wood), Inflammation (wood), Keratitis, herpetic (wood), Leprosy (wood), Leukorrhea (wood), Skin diseases (wood), Ulcer (wood), Urination disorders (wood), Urticaria (wood), Diaphoretic (wood), Cooling effect on body (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from fresh seed. They can take 2 months to germinate. The seedlings need to attach to a host plant about one month are germination. They can be grown from root cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 22 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Santalum album leaf picture by joshan raggoo (cc-by-sa)
Santalum album leaf picture by Abraham Zachariah (cc-by-sa)
Santalum album leaf picture by gunalan v (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Santalum album flower picture by Ranjith Jacob Ranjith Jacob Kalayil (cc-by-sa)
Santalum album flower picture by Bachhav Sudarshan (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Santalum album fruit picture by Rekha Suresh (cc-by-sa)
Santalum album fruit picture by Herwig Mees (cc-by-sa)
Santalum album fruit picture by Atul raikwar (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Santalum album world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mauritius, Nepal, Palau, Réunion, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Santalum album threat status: Vulnerable

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780592-1
WFO ID wfo-0000492946
COL ID 6XJ9M
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447587
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Santalum album Santalum ovatum Sirium myrtifolium