Shrub or small tree 2-6(-10) m; trunk with unbranched, spirally arranged thorns 2.5-7.5 cm; young branches not rarely with axillary, simple spines 1-3 cm. Leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the acute apex, mostly rounded at the base, thinly coriaceous, hard, purplish or brownish when young, glabrous, shining above, ± crenate round the edge, 6-12 (-16) by (2½-)4-6(-8) cm; lateral nerves ascending, rather yellowish-green, reticulations distinct; petiole (0.6-)l-1.8 cm, reddish-pink with 2 black glands at the top on the upper side. Racemes axillary and terminal, 3-10 cm, c. 20-flowered. Flowers greenish-white, slightly fragrant. Pedicels 4-10 mm. Sepals (greenish) and petals (greenish-or yellowish-white) ovate-lanceolate, the former ferrugineous-tomentose, the latter ciliate but glabrous outside, 3-4 mm. Stamens white. Ovary and style commonly flushed dull crimson. Berry ovoid, pointed by the persistent rest of style, orange, blackish when dry, c. 2 by 0.8 cm, sometimes smaller, with (1-)2-6 seeds.
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A shrub or small tree. It grows 6-10 m high. It has thorns. The leaves are alternate and oval. They are 8-12 cm long and have teeth along the edge. The flowers are greenish white. Ripe fruit are orange. They are 6-8 mm long. There are 2-6 seeds.
In humid or marshy soil at the back of mangrove forests or more inland on riversides, by swampy creeks, at margins of pools, along marsh in teak-forest, mostly on temporarily inundated soils, usually between 0-15 m, rarely up to 90-150 m, near Toba Lake (Sumatra) at 900 m. The localities are wide apart, but the species is sometimes locally comparatively common e.g. in the Malay Peninsula. Fl. Oct.-Aug.
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A tropical plant. It grows in wet places and flooded forests. It grows at the rear of mangroves. It grows between 5-150 m above sea level.
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