Senna alata (L.) Roxb.

Emperor's candlesticks (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Senna

Characteristics

Shrubs, 1.5-3(-5) m tall. Branches greenish, thick, pubes­cent. Leaves 30-60 cm; stipules persistent, triangular, 6-10(-15) mm; petiole and rachis with 2 longitudinal ribs and narrow wings; petiolar glands absent; petiolules very short or leaflets subsessile; leaflets 6-12(-20) pairs, oblong or obovate-oblong, 6-15 × 3.5-7.5 cm, thinly leathery, glabrous, base obliquely truncate, apex obtusely rounded and cuspidate. Ra­cemes axillary, dense, many flowered, or sometimes several ra­cemes forming a terminal panicle, 10-50 cm; peduncles 7-14 cm; bracts caducous, strobilaceous, oblong to broadly ovate, 2-3 × 1-2 cm, at first enveloping flowers. Flowers ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Sepals orange-yellow, oblong, unequal. Petals bright yel­low, tinged with conspicuous purple veins, ovate-orbicular, 16-24 × 10-15 mm, shortly clawed. Stamens 10, fertile stamens 7, opening with apical pores, lower 2 with stout filaments ca. 4 mm and larger anthers, 4 with filaments ca. 2 mm and smaller anthers, reduced stamens 3 or 4. Ovary puberulent, sessile; ovules many. Legume winged, sharply tetragonal, 10-20 × 1.5-2 cm, glabrous, with a broad, membranous wing down middle of each valve; wings 4-8 mm wide, papery, crenulate. Seeds 50-60, compressed, deltoid. 2n = 24, 28.
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Shrub 1 — 2( — 5) m; branches thick, pubescent. Stipules auriculate-deltoid, 6 — 10( — 15) mm, persistent, brownish red. Leaves with 8-20 pairs of leaflets; petiole robust, 2-3 cm; rachis 30-60 cm. Leaflets oblong-elliptic, 5-15 by 3-7 cm, obtuse at both ends, glabrous. Racemes axillary, dense, robust, many-flowered, 20-50 by 3-4 cm; peduncle stout, 7-14 cm; bracts strobilate, at first enveloping the flowers, broadly ovate, caducous, 2-3 by 1-2 cm; pedicels 5-10 mm. Sepals orange-yellow, oblong, unequal, 10-20 by 6-7 mm. Petals bright yellow, ovate-orbicular, 16-24 by 10-15 mm, short-clawed. Stamens: 2 large with stout filaments, 4 mm long and anthers 12-13 mm opening with apical pores; 4 with filaments 2 mm long and anthers 4-5 mm opening by apical pores; reduced stamens 3 or 4. Ovary puberulous, pruinose, sessile, ovules many (up to c. 58); style filiform; stigma small. Pods sharply tetragonal, winged, glabrous, black, 10-15 by 1.5-2 cm, wings 4-8 mm. Seeds up to c. 50, shining, flattened, quadrangular, 7-8 by 5-8 mm.
Shrub, spreading, to 3 m high, pubescent on vegetative parts, inflorescence axes and ovary, otherwise glabrous. Leaves 15–40 cm long including a terete petiole 20–40 mm long; stipules cordate, subpersistent; leaflets in 8–12 pairs spaced 10–20 mm apart, oblong, 80–110 mm long, 30–55 mm wide, increasing distally, obtuse and mucronate or emarginate; glands absent. Inflorescence dense, of 20–40 flowers, axillary; peduncle 15–30 cm long; pedicels 5–8 mm long; bracts orange, caducous. Petals to 20 mm long. Fertile stamens 2, with 7 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; filaments unequal, 2–4 mm long; fertile anthers c. 4 mm long. Pod compressed-cylindric, 12–16 cm long, 10–15 mm wide, straight or curved, each valve with a median wing c. 6 mm wide. Seeds dull.
A shrub which loses its leaves during the year. It grows to 1-6 m high and spreads to 2 m across. The stem is erect and slender. The young stems are finely hairy. The leaves are large and oblong. They are divided into 8-14 pairs of leaflets. These are oblong and 5-19 cm long by 2.5-12 cm wide. They are usually blunt at the top. The flowers are yellow. They occur in spike-like clusters. These are 15-70 cm long. The fruit are winged pods. They are black and 12-17 cm long, with the central part 1.5-2 cm wide. The pod has partitions across it. The edge of the wing is wavy. The seeds are oval with a beak. They are 6-8 mm long and 4-5 mm wide. There are 2 shiny green patches near the beak.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 1.25 - 3.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer present
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It prefers light to medium soils. It grows best in an open sunny position. It is drought and frost tender. It grows in rainforests and near swamps. It suits humid locations. It grows from 5 m to 360 m altitude in Papua New Guinea. In some countries it has been recorded up to 2,100 m above sea level. In Argentina it grows from sea level to 1,000 m above sea level. In Yunnan.
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Found in many habitats, preferring disturbed, rather open vegetation such as roadsides, river banks, rain forest edges, lake shores, pond and ditch margins, open forest, orchards and around villages, at elevations up to 1,400 metres, occ 2,100 metre.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

UsesCultivated for medicine and ornament throughout the Malesian area. It is regarded a highly effective remedy against ringworm and various skin diseases; it is also used as a laxative. See K. Heyne Nutt. Pl. Indon. 3 1950 740 Burkill Diet. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. 1935 473 Quisumbing Medic. Pl. Philipp 1951 377.
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The young leaves and seeds have been recorded as eaten in Africa. The seeds are used as a coffee substitute. The flowers are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. Caution:
Uses animal food coffee substitute cover plant environmental use food gene source material medicinal poison shade social use
Edible flowers leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Anti-inflammatory agents (aerial part), Central nervous system depressants (aerial part), Diuretics (aerial part), Anti-bacterial agents (bark), Antifungal agents (bark), Exanthema (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Wounds and injuries (bark), Antifungal agents (flower), Asthma (flower), Bronchitis (flower), Diabetes mellitus (flower), Eczema (flower), Herpes simplex (flower), Stomatitis (flower), Central nervous system diseases (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Abortifacient agents (leaf), Analgesics (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Bronchitis (leaf), Cathartics (leaf), Cough (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Eczema (leaf), Expectorants (leaf), Gonorrhea (leaf), Herpes simplex (leaf), Hypoglycemic agents (leaf), Hypohidrosis (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Leprosy (leaf), Mycoses (leaf), Pregnancy complications (leaf), Pruritus (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Snake bites (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Syphilis (leaf), Vitiligo (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Antifungal agents (root), Antirheumatic agents (root), Cathartics (root), Liver diseases (root), Menstruation disturbances (root), Otitis media (root), Abortifacient (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Amygdalitis (unspecified), Antidote (unspecified), Ascites (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Bite(Snake) (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Craw-Craw (unspecified), Dhobi Itch (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fungicide (unspecified), Herpes (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Larvicide (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Measles (unspecified), Mycosis (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Poultice (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Shingles (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sore(Throat) (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Syphilis (unspecified), Taenifuge (unspecified), Tattoo (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Vulnerary (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Piscicide (unspecified), Prurigo (unspecified), Psoriasis (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Soporific (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Antineoplastic agents (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Hypohidrosis (unspecified), Snake bites (unspecified), Antifungal agents (whole plant), Eczema (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 23 - 29
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Senna alata leaf picture by Henry Tu (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata leaf picture by Asim Kumar Mishra (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata leaf picture by pierre vernet (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Senna alata flower picture by amith srisha (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata flower picture by Wilma Baas (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata flower picture by Calderón Mary (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Senna alata fruit picture by Keiri A (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata fruit picture by Julian Garnier (cc-by-sa)
Senna alata fruit picture by Prakash Rudraraju (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Senna alata world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Bangladesh, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bhutan, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Mali, Myanmar, Northern Mariana Islands, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Niue, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Seychelles, Chad, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Senna alata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1192167-2
WFO ID wfo-0000214728
COL ID 4WP74
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 447049
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Herpetica alata Cassia bracteata Cassia herpetica Herpetica alata Herpetica rumphiana Cassia rumphiana Cassia alata var. rumphiana Cassia alata var. perennis Senna alata Cassia alata