Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Woolly senna (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Senna

Characteristics

Short-lived perennial shrub with erect, sparsely branched stems up to (1-)1.5-2.7 m high. Stems ridged, villous when young with dense straight slightly upward pointing, greyish-white hairs, becoming ± densely pubescent and sometimes ± terete with age. Leaves densely villous: petiole and rhachis (8-)11-20 cm long; stipules linear, narrowly acute to acuminate, up to 15 mm long, ±1 mm wide, sparsely villous, tardily deciduous; petiole 2.5-4 cm long including basal pulvinus; petiolar gland at distal end of pulvinus, sessile, cylindric, finger-like, slightly narrowed at base, blackish, ±2 mm long; rhachis without special glands; leaflets in 3-5 pairs, elliptic, occasionally ovate-elliptic or ovate, (2-)5-7.5 cm long, 1.4-4.5 cm wide, uppermost pair largest, bases asymmetric, occasionally rounded, apices acute to subacuminate, often narrowing rather sharply, margins fringed, the hairs often extending from the leaf surfaces which are ± densely villous with straight greyish-white hairs. Inflorescences in axils of middle and upper leaves, ±3 cm long, 3-6-flowered; peduncles, at flowering, (4-)15-20 mm long, at fruiting, occasionally up to 25 mm long; bracts ±10-12 mm long, resembling stipules; pedicels, at flowering, ±10 mm long, densely white-villous, at fruiting ±20 mm long, sparsely villous. Sepals obtuse, densely villous abaxially. Petals obovate (10-)13-15 mm long, deep orange yellow, becoming conspicuously brown-veined with age. Stamens 10: usually 3±(1?) staminodal (ad-and abaxial) ±2-3 mm long, obovate, flattened, 7 or 6 functional of which the 2 lateral-abaxial are largest, central-abaxial reduced, ± filiform, most often staminodal. Ovaries 4-angled, sericeous with coarse, white, ± flattened, rather matted hairs; style 1-2 mm long, broadening distally into a markedly hooded, dark coloured, almost glabrous stigma. Pods linear, mostly curving downwards, 10-15 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm wide, septate but not obviously so, sutures thickened, green, valves sericeous with long straight whitish hairs, dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds compressed against one another along length of pod, not laterally flattened as is usual in the genus, ±4-angled, ±3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, testa dull greenish-brown with a black line from the hilum, areole 1 per lateral face, elliptic-oblong, ±1.3 mm long, ±1 mm wide.
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Shrub or suffrutescent herb 0.5-2 m tall. Stems, leaves, and inflorescence axis glabrous or more often hirsute with straight, lustrous hairs. Stipules linear, persistent at anthesis. Leaves 10-30 cm long, the petiole 2-8(-10) cm long, bearing a conic or claviform nectary at its base; leaflets 4-6 pairs, elliptic to obovate, the terminal pair of leaflets the largest, 3-10 cm long x 0.8-5 cm wide, often widely spreading, apex acute-acuminate, base obtuse-rounded, slightly oblique, venation pinnate. Inflorescences of corymbiform racemes, these often grouped as terminal panicles, peduncles 3-10 mm long, floral bracts linear, caducous, flowers 2-8 per raceme; sepals oblong-orbicular, strongly unequal, 2 of them short and hairy, 3 larger, petaloid, and glabrate; petals obovate, 10-15 mm long, glabrous, drying white with brown veins; fertile stamens 7, the lowermost abaxial stamen scarcely differentiated from the 4 short median stamens, the 2 long abaxial stamens with larger anthers and on longer inflated filaments than the 4 median stamens, each anther bearing an oblique spatulate beak and dehiscent by 2 confluent terminal pores; ovary hirsute, style enlarged, glabrous, reflexed nearly 180°, stigmatic surface round and bearing a ring of hairs. Fruits many-seeded, terete, narrowly linear, 10-25 cm long x 0.4-0.6 cm wide; valves papery, light brown, internally septate between the seeds; seeds in a single row, square or diamond-shaped, compressed, olivaceous, bearing an elliptic areole on each face.
Herb up to 2 m high, erect, hairy, stinking; young branches grooved. Stipules linear, acute, early caducous. Leaves with 3-7 pairs of leaflets; petiole stout, 3-6 cm with a sessile, ovoid-oblong gland near the insertion; rachis 7-10 cm, glandless, produced beyond the upper petiolules into a stout, 2 mm long mucro. Leaflets chartaceous, ovate to oblong or obovate, 5-9 by 1.5-3 cm, more or less hairy on both surfaces, often not exactly opposite. Racemes axillary or terminal in leafy panicles, c. 1 cm long, 2-5-flow-ered; bracts subulate, hairy, early caducous; pedicels pubescent, 1.5-2 cm. Sepals, 2 outer small, ovate to obovate, rounded, c. 5 mm; 3 inner more or less puberulous, similar but larger, 7-8 mm. Petals yellow, obovate, short-clawed, 14-17 mm long. Stamens 10: 2 largest with filaments 3-6 mm long, flat, winged, anthers curved, 6-8 mm, beaked, opening by apical pores; 4 similar but only half as long; 1 equal to these but with a narrow anther; staminodes 3. Ovary hairy (hirsute or strigose), subsessile; the style short, glabrous; stigma small, subapical. Pods long and slender, flat, hairy, more or less straight, 10-20 by 0.5 cm. Seeds 50-100, flat, olive, obovoid, 3-4 mm long.
An erect herb, sometimes softly woody at the base, to 2 m high. Stems ridged, densely hairy. Leaves paripinnate; stipules 6-7 x 0.5 mm, linear, hairy, subpersistent; petiole 3-6.6 cm long, hairy, with a single large dome-or cone-shaped gland close to the base; rachis 6.9-12.2 cm long, hairy, eglandular; leaflets in 4-5 pairs, 2.8-10.6 x 1.4-3.5 cm, the distal pair usually largest, elliptic to ovate, acuminate, base symmetrical, cuneate, hairy on both surfaces. Sepals 5, dimorphic, the outer two c. 5 x 4 mm, broadly obovate, hairy, the inner three c. 10 x 4 mm, elliptic. Petals yellow, dark-veined when dry, 10-13 x 5-9 mm with a claw 1-2 mm long, obovate. Stamens 10; seven probably fertile of which two with anthers 6-7 mm long and three with anthers c. 4 mm long, three apparently sterile with reduced flattened anthers. Ovary 8-9 mm long, densely spreading-hairy; style 2-3 mm long, glabrous. Pod 6-13 x 0.5 cm, straight or slightly curved, hirsute, tardily dehiscent or indehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds grey-brown, 3-3.5 x 3-3.5 x 1 mm, suborbicular, with elliptic areoles c. 1 mm long on each edge.
Herbs or shrubs, 0.6-2.5 m tall. Young branches, petioles, and rachises of leaves densely yellowish brown villous. Leaves 10-20 cm; petiole 3-6 cm, with a sessile, blackish brown, ovoid-oblong gland near insertion; rachis 7-10 cm, without glands; leaflets 3-7 pairs, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 × 1.5-3.5 cm, papery, both surfaces villous, base sub­rounded, apex acuminate. Racemes axillary or several in axils of apical leaves forming a leafy panicle; peduncles and pedicels villous; bracts early caducous, subulate, hairy. Sepals 5, unequal in size, densely villous, 2 outer small, ovate to obovate, ca. 5 mm, 3 inner puberulent, similar but larger, 7-8 mm. Petals yel­low, obovate, 1.4-1.8 cm, glabrous. Stamens 10, 6 or 7 of them fertile, unequal in length, anthers opening by apical pores, staminodes 3 or 4. Ovary hirsute, subsessile; style short, gla­brous; stigma small. Legume long, slender, flat, 10-20 × ca. 0.5 cm, densely hirsute on surfaces of valves. Seeds numerous, flat, obovoid, 3-4 mm. 2n = 14, 28.
Shrub or herbaceous perennial, erect or spreading, to 2.5 m high, pubescent except for the petals and stamens. Leaves 10–16 cm long including a ribbed petiole 40–65 mm long; stipules acicular, caducous; leaflets in 2–6 pairs spaced 20–40 mm apart, ovate to obovate, 40–90 mm long, 20–35 mm wide, increasing distally, acute and acuminate; gland 1, at the base of the petiole, sessile, conical. Inflorescences of 2–5 flowers, terminal and in upper axils, paniculate; peduncle c. 10 mm long; pedicels 12–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 12–16 mm long. Fertile stamens 6, with 3 adaxial and 1 abaxial staminodes; fertile filaments distinctly unequal, 2–6 mm long; fertile anthers distinctly unequal, 3–8 mm long, beaked. Pod compressed-cylindric, 10–14 cm long, 4–6 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull.
A small shrub. It grows 0.2-2.5 m tall. It has hairy stems and bad smelling leaves. The leaf stalk has finger-like glands just above the base. The leaflets are in 3-5 pairs. They are oval and 6-9 cm long by 2-3.5 cm wide. They are hairy. The flower clusters are short and in the axils of leaves. The petals are orange-yellow. They are 1-1.7 cm long. The fruit is a slightly curved pod. They are 8-18 cm long by 3-7 mm wide. The pod is flattened. The pods are densely hairy. The seeds are dark green and lie at right angles to the long axis of the pod. They are 2.5-3 mm long by 2 mm wide.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 2.4
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Naturalized in SE Asia, on plains and hilly areas, growing spontaneously in waste locations, along roadsides, railway embankments, dry ditches and in secondary forest. It is found in gardens and fields as a weed
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A tropical plant. It grows from 30-60 m altitude in Papua New Guinea. In Indonesia it grows up to 700 m above sea level. In West Africa it grows in the lowland rain-forest belt. In Yunnan.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Seeds used as coffee. They are also roasted with salt and eaten. The young leaves are eaten steamed with food.
Uses coffee substitute cover plant environmental use food gum leaf vegetable manure medicinal poison weed
Edible leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Central nervous system depressants (aerial part), Hypotension (aerial part), Insecticides (aerial part), Snake bites (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Dental plaque (seed), Erectile dysfunction (seed), Malaria (seed), Scorpion stings (seed), Snake bites (seed), Toothache (seed), Vomiting (seed), Cardiovascular system (whole plant excluding root), Central nervous system diseases (whole plant excluding root)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Senna hirsuta leaf picture by Miguel-de-SCAMPS_MX (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Senna hirsuta flower picture by nat joannot (cc-by-sa)
Senna hirsuta flower picture by Miguel-de-SCAMPS_MX (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Senna hirsuta world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Mali, Myanmar, Malawi, Malaysia, Nigeria, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Singapore, El Salvador, Suriname, Seychelles, Togo, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234491-2
WFO ID wfo-0000163956
COL ID 6YGQT
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 630642
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Senna hirsuta Cassia venenifera Ditremexa hirsuta Cassia hirsuta

Lower taxons

Senna hirsuta var. acuminata Senna hirsuta var. glaberrima Senna hirsuta var. hirta Senna hirsuta var. leptocarpa Senna hirsuta var. puberula Senna hirsuta var. hirsuta