Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby

Sicklepod (en), Séné soumaké (fr), Senna à feuilles obtuses (fr), Cassia à feuilles obtuses (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Senna

Characteristics

Annual, or short-lived perennial, herb or sub-shrub with erect, sparsely branched stems 0.5-1 m high. Stems terete to faintly ridged, with sparse, sub-sessile small dark glands irregularly scattered among coarse, upward-pointing curved white hairs that form a strigose indumentum especially on the young parts, older stems ± eglandular and glabrescent to glabrous. Leaves: petiole and rhachis (2-)4-6 cm long; stipules linear, ±10 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, strigose, tardily deciduous; petiole 2-4 cm long including basal pulvinus, petiolar gland lacking; rhachis channelled adaxially, with a stalked, cylindric, finger-like, orange-brown gland ±2 mm long between the lowest, sometimes the 2 lower, pairs of leaflets, gland often papillate especially distally; leaflets in 3 pairs, elliptic to obovate, (1-)2-5.5 cm long, (0.5-)1-3 cm wide, uppermost pair largest, bases asymmetric, apices rounded or obtuse, mucronate, margins strigose, almost pectinate when young, becoming ± glabrous with age, sparsely glandular; adaxial surfaces ± glabrous, abaxial white-strigose becoming glabrescent in age. Inflorescences in axils of uppermost leaves, not exceeding 3 cm long, racemes reduced, 1-2-flowered, peduncles ±0; bracts ±3 mm long, resembling stipules; pedicels at flowering 1-2.2 cm long, at fruiting 2-2.5 cm long. Sepals obtuse, strigose abaxially, persisting for some time at base of developing fruit. Petals obovate, 1-1.3 cm long, 0.3-0.5 cm wide, yellow, marked with brown veins. Stamens 10: 3 ± staminodal (adaxial) with anther lobes much reduced, filaments flattened distally, 7 functional (4 lateral medium-sized, rounded apically, 3 abaxial large, narrowed into a bottle-shaped neck before the apical pores), filaments of functional stamens with a swollen joint at point of attachment to anthers, dehiscence porose. Ovaries faintly angled, sericeous with ± matted, curved, slightly coarse, white hairs especially dense between the angles; style almost straight, 1-1.5 mm long, sparsely sericeous; stigma expanded into a ± fan-shaped lobe. Pods linear, straight or curved, tapering at base and apex, 13-15 cm long, 4-5 mm wide, subterete, usually ± angled longitudinally, many-seeded, dehiscent. Seeds ± rhombic or cylindric, not flattened laterally, 4.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, testa shining, brown with dark line from hilum, surface with minute raised dots; areole 1 on each lateral face, narrowly linear, 3.5-4 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm wide.
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Annual or short-lived perennial shrub or woody herb 0.5-2 m tall. Branchlets pale grey-brown, glabrous, longitudinally ridged when young, later terete. Leaves paripinnate; stipules 7-9 mm long, linear, with ciliate margins, caducous; petiole 2.5-3.9 cm long, sparsely pubescent; rachis 1.5-2.6 cm long, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent, with a terete reddish gland 1.5 mm long between the proximal leaflet pair and sometimes a similar but smaller gland between the middle leaflet pair; leaflets in (2)3 pairs, 2.9-5.7 x 1.8-2.9 cm (smaller in stunted or dry-season material), the distal largest, broadly elliptic to broadly obovate, base cuneate or rounded, slightly asymmetric, apex obtuse to rounded or retuse, often mucronate, glabrous except for the pubescent margin and scattered hairs on the midrib beneath; petiolules 1-2 mm long, pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, 1-2-flowered; bracts 3-4 mm long, linear, with ciliate margins, caducous; peduncle very short; pedicels 1.2-2 cm long at anthesis. Hypanthium with reddish glands. Sepals 5, two c. 8 x 5 mm, three 5-6 x 3-4 mm, elliptic to obovate, glabrous except for the ciliate margins which also bear scattered reddish glands. Petals orange to yellow, 14-16 x 7-9 mm, including a claw c. 2 mm long, obovate, slightly unequal. Stamens 10; three fertile with anthers 4-5 mm long and filaments 3-4 mm long, four fertile with anthers c. 2 mm long and filaments c. 2 mm long; two trumpet-shaped staminodes 3 mm long and one linear staminode c. 2 mm long. Ovary c. 15 mm long, terete, appressed-pubescent; style 2-2.5 mm long, glabrous; stigma terminal, oblique, trumpet-shaped. Pod 13-20 x 0.5-0.7 cm, linear, falcately curved or straight, elliptic in section, acuminate at apex, tardily dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds olive-brown, c. 5 x 2-3 mm, rhomboid, with a linear areole on each broad face.
Herb or undershrub up to 1 m tall, rarely higher (2.5 m), usually foetid smelling, glabrous or thinly pubescent. Stipules setaceous, 10-15 mm, caducous. Leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets; petiole 1-4 cm; rachis 2-3 cm, with a subulate, 2 mm long gland between the lowest pair of leaflets. Leaflets obovate, shortly petiolulate; membranous, 1-6 by 0.5-4 cm, increasing in size distally, apex rounded and mucronate, base cuneate. Racemes axillary, 1-or 2-(or 3-)flowered on a very short peduncle; bracts linear, acute; pedicels 1.5-3.5 cmlong, elongating to 2-4.5 cm in fruit. Sepals subequal, ovate, 5 by 2-4 mm. Petals yellow-orange, unequal, short-clawed, 1-2 cm long. Stamens 7, nearly equal, filaments 1.5-2 mm, anthers 3 longer, 4 smaller 1.5-2.5 mm, opening by apical pores, the three larger anthers narrowed shortly below the apex like a bottleneck; staminodes 0-3. Pods linear, terete, falcate to straight, 13-23 by 0.4-0.7 cm. Seeds 20-30, ovoid-rhomboid, 5-6 by 2-4 mm with very narrow areoles 3-4.5 by 0.3-0.5 mm.
Herbaceous perennial or subshrub, erect or spreading, to 2 m high but often lower, sparsely pubescent on vegetative parts, calyx and ovary, soon glabrescent. Leaves 4–6 cm long including a channelled petiole 15–20 mm long; stipules lanceolate, acicular, somewhat persistent; leaflets in 2 or 3 pairs spaced 12–15 mm apart, obovate, 40–50 mm long, 20–30 mm wide, markedly increasing distally, obtuse and mucronate; glands 1 or 2, between the lowest leaflet pairs, erect. Inflorescence subumbellate, of 1 or 2 flowers, axillary; peduncle 2–4 mm long; pedicels 15–20 mm long; bracts caducous. Petals 8–10 mm long. Fertile stamens 7, with 3 adaxial staminodes; fertile filaments unequal, 1–4 mm long; fertile anthers unequal, 3–5 mm long, shortly beaked. Pod cylindric, 12–18 cm long, c. 3 mm diam., curved, entire. Seeds dull or lustrous, with a narrow, oblique areole.
An annual or perennial herb. Often it has a bad smell. It can be a shrub 0.6-2.5 m tall. It has slightly hairy stems. The leaf stalk does not have a gland but the axis of the leaf does. The leaf has leaflets in 3 pairs. They are oval and 1-6 cm long by 0.5-3.9 cm wide. The top of the leaf is rounded but with a sharp tip. It is wedge shaped at the base. The flower stalks have one or 2 flowers. The stalk for the flower cluster is very short, but the stalk for the individual flowers is 1-3.5 cm long. The flower petals are orange-yellow and 1-2 cm long. The fruits are thin slightly curved and tapering pods. They are 13-23 cm long and 4-7 mm wide. The seeds are brown. They are 4.5-6.5 cm long by 2-4 mm wide.
Leaves paripinnate; stipules 7–9 mm long, linear, with ciliate margins, caducous; petiole 2.5–3.9 cm long, sparsely pubescent; rachis 1.5–2.6 cm long, sparsely pubescent, glabrescent, with a terete reddish gland 1–1.5 mm long between the proximal leaflet pair and sometimes a similar but smaller gland between the middle leaflet pair; leaflets in (2)3 pairs, 2.9–5.7 × 1.8–2.9 cm (smaller in stunted or dry-season material), the distal largest, broadly elliptic to broadly obovate, base cuneate or rounded, slightly asymmetric, apex obtuse to rounded or retuse, often mucronate, glabrous except for the pubescent margin and scattered hairs on the midrib beneath; petiolules 1–2 mm long, pubescent.
Stamens 10; three fertile with anthers 4–5 mm long and filaments 3–4 mm long, four fertile with anthers c.2 mm long and filaments c.2 mm long; two trumpet-shaped staminodes 2–3 mm long and one linear staminode c.2 mm long.
Annual herb or shrublet, up to 1 m high. Leaves with 3 pairs of leaflets only, with stalked, finger-like, orange-brown gland 2 mm long between 2 lower pairs of leaflets. Flowers yellow and brown-veined.
Inflorescences axillary, 1–2-flowered; bracts 3–4 mm long, linear, with ciliate margins, caducous; peduncle very short; pedicels 1.2–2 cm long at anthesis.
Sepals 5, two c.8 × 5 mm, three 5–6 × 3–4 mm, elliptic to obovate, glabrous except for the ciliate margins which also bear scattered reddish glands.
Pod 13–20 × 0.5–0.7 cm, linear, falcately curved or straight, elliptic in section, acuminate at apex, tardily dehiscent along both sutures.
Ovary c.15 mm long, terete, appressed pubescent; style 2–2.5 mm long, glabrous; stigma terminal, oblique, trumpet-shaped.
Petals orange to yellow, 14–16 × 7–9 mm, including a claw c.2 mm long, obovate, slightly unequal.
Branchlets pale grey-brown, glabrous, longitudinally ridged when young, later terete.
Seeds olive-brown, c.5 × 2–3 mm, rhomboid, with a linear areole on each broad face.
Annual or short-lived perennial shrub or woody herb 0.5–2 m tall.
Hypanthium with reddish glands.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 0.75 - 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows throughout the tropics. It is mostly a weed of roadsides and waste places. It grows from sea level to 2,000 m altitude. In Papua New Guinea it grows at about 80 m altitude. It grows along rivers and near lakes. In Africa it grows up to 1,700 m altitude. It can grow in arid places.
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Along rivers and on lake shores, as well as on cultivated land, at elevations up to 1,700 metres.
Light 4-6
Soil humidity 2-7
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The young leaves are cooked and used as a vegetable. Caution: Older leaves can cause diarrhoea. The leaves are fermented into a high protein supplement to meat. The juice during fermentation is made into a stew with okra, beef and salt. The seeds are occasionally dried and ground into powder and cooked and eaten. Caution: The seeds are possibly poisonous and should be well cooked. Seeds are also roasted and used as a coffee substitute.
Uses animal food coffee substitute drug dye environmental use food gene source material medicinal ornamental poison social use vertebrate poison
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Dysentery (fruit), Eye diseases (fruit), Liver diseases (fruit), Abdominal pain (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Earache (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Gout (leaf), Headache (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Liver diseases (leaf), Pain (leaf), Pruritus (leaf), Sciatica (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Suppuration (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Antiperiodic (leaf), Antifungal agents (root), Appetite stimulants (root), Postpartum hemorrhage (root), Abdominal pain (seed), Antifungal agents (seed), Anti-infective agents (seed), Asthma (seed), Cathartics (seed), Common cold (seed), Cough (seed), Eczema (seed), Eye diseases (seed), Furunculosis (seed), Hemagglutination (seed), Hypercholesterolemia (seed), Hypoglycemic agents (seed), Intestinal diseases, parasitic (seed), Jaundice (seed), Laxatives (seed), Leprosy (seed), Liver diseases (seed), Pruritus (seed), Psoriasis (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Cathartics (stem), Earache (stem), Laxatives (stem), Aperient (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Parturition (unspecified), Ache(Stomach) (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Dermatitis (unspecified), Eczema (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Hemiplegia (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Paralysis (unspecified), Skin pigmentation (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown from seed.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Senna obtusifolia habit picture by Shehadi Ramiz (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Senna obtusifolia leaf picture by Amaladoss Nepolraj (cc-by-sa)
Senna obtusifolia leaf picture by Munna . (cc-by-sa)
Senna obtusifolia leaf picture by Serge Garnier (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Senna obtusifolia flower picture by Luiza pazete Luiza pazete (cc-by-sa)
Senna obtusifolia flower picture by Rakesh Verma (cc-by-sa)
Senna obtusifolia flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Senna obtusifolia fruit picture by Rajendra Rajendra Choure (cc-by-sa)
Senna obtusifolia fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Senna obtusifolia fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Senna obtusifolia world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, Burkina Faso, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iraq, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Mali, Mozambique, Mauritania, Malawi, Malaysia, Mayotte, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Réunion, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, Suriname, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Senna obtusifolia threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:234560-2
WFO ID wfo-0000164399
COL ID 4WPBZ
BDTFX ID 82486
INPN ID 447034
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Cassia toroides Cassia toroides Cassia humilis Cassia obtusifolia Senna toroides Cassia rogeonii Emelista obtusifolia Cassia tora var. obtusifolia Cassia tora var. humilis Cassia tora var. b Cassia tora var. humilis Senna obtusifolia