Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Senna

Characteristics

Small tree or sparingly to multibranched, slender to rounded shrub 1-4(-7) m high. Stems when young longitudinally ridged and furrowed, villous with long curved ± appressed white hairs interspersed with short straight patent hairs and numerous reddish-brown, finger-like, slender glands, becoming woody, ± terete and sparingly villous to pubescent with age. Leaves when young, cano-sericeous especially abaxially, with many yellowish-red glands interspersed among the hairs: when mature petiole and rhachis 7-22 cm long; stipules conspicuous, leafy, semi-cordate to reniform, with one end attenuate-caudate, up to 1.5 cm long excluding apex of 1-1.2 cm long, 0.7-0.8 cm wide, eventually deciduous; petiole 2-4 cm long including basal pulvinus, petiolar gland lacking; rhachis channelled adaxially with 1 large ± stalked, clavate to finger-like, reddish to dark brown, projecting gland between all, or most, of the (4-)7-12 leaflet pairs (glands readily break away); leaflets ovate, lanceolate or elliptic or a combination of these, variable in size, especially in width, (1.5-)3-4(-6.5) cm long, 0.8-1.6(-2.3) cm wide, uppermost pair usually not largest, bases slightly asymmetric, broadly cuneate to round, apices acute to acuminate, margins thickened, yellowish, ± villous, surfaces sparsely villous, dark green adaxially, ± densely villous, ± glandular and paler-green abaxially. Inflorescences 10-15-flowered corymbose racemes in axils of upper leaves and aggregated into ± rounded panicles 10-20 cm long terminating branches; peduncles at flowering and fruiting 2-5 cm long; bracts variable often in the same inflorescence, from cordate through rhomboid to ovate, green, pubescent and glandular, each with two stipitate, conical glands in the position of stipules; pedicels, at flowering and fruiting 2-3 cm long, pubescent, glandular except with extreme age. Sepals obtuse, villous abaxially. Petals unequal, elliptic to obovate, stalked, largest 2-2.5 cm long, 1.3-1.5 cm wide, deep yellow, brown-veined. Stamens 10: 3 staminodal (adaxial), flattened ± cordate, ±3 mm long including short filament, 7 functional (4 lateral medium, 3 abaxial large, filaments 7-9 mm long, dorsifixed), dehiscence porose. Ovaries densely cano-sericeous; style straight, glabrous; stigma hollow, fringed with short white hairs. Pods flattened, straight or slightly curved, 10-25 cm long, 1-1.5 cm wide, transversely septate, apex often beaked, valves dark brown to black, ± soft and succulent, glabrous, sutures thickened, lighter coloured, indehiscent, but 1-or more-seeded portions shed from between the sutures which hang suspended from the plant before breaking up. Seeds slightly dorsally compressed, ±4-angled, ovate to suborbicular in outline, 4-5 mm in length and breadth; testa dark dull brown, smooth or faintly dotted with a dark line from hilum; areole on each lateral face (i.e. on shoulder or margin), narrowly elliptic, ±3 mm long, ±1 mm wide, paler, faintly transversely cracked.
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Shrub or small tree 2-6 m high, sometimes described as scandent. Branchlets brown, puberulous to pubescent, longitudinally ridged when young. Leaves paripinnate; stipules 10-15 mm long, leafy, cordate-auriculate to reniform, often caudate-attenuate, pubescent, subpersistent; petiole 1.5-4.5 cm long, pubescent; rachis up to 20 cm long, appressed-pubescent, with scattered elongate reddish glands among the hairs, with a stalked botuliform often caducous reddish gland 1.5-2 mm long between each of the proximal 1-4 leaflet pairs; leaflets in 6-10 pairs, 4-7 x 1.5-3.5 cm, the middle ones usually the largest, ovate to ovate-elliptic, base cuneate to rounded or cordate, often slightly asymmetrical, apex acute to acuminate, mucronate, sparsely hairy above, more densely so beneath, with appressed hairs and reddish elongated glands; petiolules up to 1 mm long, appressed-pubescent. Inflorescences paniculate, terminal, made up of corymbose racemes; primary inflorescence branches (racemes) up to 9 cm long, subtended by reduced caducous leaves with few pinnae; stipules of these similar to those of foliage leaves, relatively persistent; proximal bracts of racemes very broadly ovate, acuminate, distal ones narrower, all usually densely pubescent, subpersistent; proximal pedicels up to 5 cm long at anthesis; distal ones shorter. Sepals 5, dimorphic, three c. 12 x 10 mm, two c. 7 x 5 mm, broadly ovate-elliptic, pubescent. Petals golden yellow, unequal, clawed, the largest up to 22 x 11 mm, oblong, somewhat asymmetrical, rounded at apex, the others broadly elliptic to ovate, rounded or retuse. Stamens 10, three large with arcuate fertile anthers 7-10 mm long and filaments 8-12 mm long, four fertile with slightly curved anthers 6-8 mm long and straight filaments c. 1 mm long, and three small, probably sterile, with reniform to subspherical anthers and straight filaments 2-4 mm long. Ovary 10-12 mm long, straight or curved, terete, densely appressed-pubescent with white hairs and reddish glands; style 4.5-5.5 mm long, terete, glabrous; stigma terminal, recessed, surrounded by a fringe of hairs. Pod black with brown margins, linear, 13-24 x 0.8-1.2 cm, straight or irregularly curved, chambered, glabrous or appressed-pubescent, indehiscent. Seeds brown, in a single row, 5-6 x 4 mm, obovate, flattened, with two narrowly elliptic areoles on the narrow faces.
A shrub or small tree that loses its leaves during the year. It grows 7 m high. It is slightly hairy. The stems are slender and grey. The leaves are up to 15-26 cm long. These have leafy structures (stipules) at their base. They have 6-11 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets have short stalks and taper to the tip. They are 4 cm long by 1.5 cm wide. They are dark green and glossy but can be slightly hairy underneath. There is a gland between each pair of leaflets. The flowers are in groups 15 cm long in the axils of leaves. They are also in large branching groups at the ends of branches. They are yellow and have a scent. The fruit are pods 20 cm long and 1.2 cm wide. They hang down. They are dark coloured and have a thickened edge and are slightly curved. They have many seeds. The seeds are edible.
Leaves paripinnate; stipules 10–15 mm long, leafy, cordate-auriculate to reniform, often caudate-attenuate, pubescent, subpersistent; petiole 1.5–4.5 cm long,>i> pubescent;>i> rachis up to 20 cm long,>i> appressed pubescent, with scattered elongate reddish glands among the hairs, with a stalked botuliform often caducous reddish gland 1.5–2 mm long between each of the proximal 1–4 leaflet pairs; leaflets in 6–10 pairs, 4–7 × 1.5–3.5 cm, the middle ones usually the largest,>i> ovate to ovate-elliptic, base cuneate to rounded or cordate, often slightly asymmetrical, apex acute to acuminate, mucronate,>i> sparsely hairy above, more densely so beneath, with appressed hairs and reddish elongated glands;>i> petiolules up to 1 mm long, appressed-pubescent.
Inflorescences paniculate, terminal, made up of corymbose racemes; primary inflorescence branches (racemes) up to 9 cm long, subtended by reduced caducous leaves with few pinnae; stipules of these similar to those of foliage leaves, relatively persistent; proximal bracts of racemes very broadly ovate, acuminate, distal ones narrower, all usually densely pubescent, subpersistent; proximal pedicels up to 5 cm long at anthesis; distal ones shorter.>i> Sepals 5, dimorphic, three c.12 × 10 mm, two c.7 × 5 mm,>i> broadly ovate-elliptic,>i> pubescent.
Stamens 10, three large with arcuate fertile anthers 7–10 mm long and filaments 8–12 mm long, four fertile with slightly curved anthers 6–8 mm long and straight filaments c.1 mm long, and three small, probably sterile, with reniform to subspherical anthers and straight filaments 2–4 mm long.
Ovary 10–12 mm long, straight or curved, terete,>i> densely appressed-pubescent with white hairs and reddish glands; style 4.5–5.5 mm long,>i> terete, glabrous; stigma terminal, recessed, surrounded by a fringe of hairs.
Shrub or small tree, up to 7 m high. Stipules persis-tent, conspicuous, leafy, semicordate to reniform, with one end attenuate-caudate. Pods 100-250 x 10-15 mm, dark brown to black. Flowers deep yellow and brown-veined.
Petals golden yellow, unequal, clawed, the largest up to 22 × 11 mm, oblong, somewhat asymmetrical, rounded at apex, the others broadly elliptic to ovate, rounded or retuse.
Pod black with brown margins, linear, 13–24 × 0.8–1.2 cm, straight or irregularly curved, chambered, glabrous or appressed-pubescent, indehiscent.
Seeds brown, in a single row,>i> 5–6 × 4 mm, obovate, flattened, with two narrowly elliptic areoles on the narrow faces.
Branchlets brown, puberulous to pubescent, longitudinally ridged when young.
Shrub or small tree 2–6 m high, sometimes described as scandent.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 6.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows from sea level to 2,500 m altitude. It can grow in arid places. A plant of tropical and warm climates. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
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Margins of rainforest, in riverine forest, deciduous woodland, coastal evergreen bushland and wooded grassland; at elevations up to 2,500 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity 7-9
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The pod is eaten raw. It is sweet. The pods are also boiled to make a gruel. The fruit and seeds are fermented to make an alcoholic drink. The seeds are eaten and popular with children.
Uses environmental use food fuel medicinal wood
Edible fruits pods seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings. Seeds needs soaking.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Flower

Senna petersiana flower picture by Lusajo Mwakibinga (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Senna petersiana world distribution map, present in Central African Republic, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sudan, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Senna petersiana threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:945428-1
WFO ID wfo-0000184159
COL ID 4WPCH
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Cassia petersiana Cassia delagoensis Senna petersiana