Sesamum indicum L.

Sésame commun (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Pedaliaceae > Sesamum

Characteristics

Erect annual herb, 10–120 (rarely 180) cm. high, simple or branched.. Stems obtusely quadrangular, sulcate, finely pubescent to glabrescent, rarely pilose, usually more or less glandular.. Leaves very variable, often heteromorphic, opposite or alternate; lower leaves long-petiolate (3–11 cm.), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-lobed, 3-partite or 3-foliolate, 4–20 cm. long, 2–10 cm. broad, rounded or obtuse at the base, acute at the apex; margins often dentate; upper leaves more shortly petiolate (0.5–3 cm.), narrower, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm. broad, usually entire, and narrowly cuneate at the base (Fig. 7/4); all leaves thinly pubescent and more or less glandular, becoming glabrescent.. Flowers white, pink or mauve-pink with darker markings.. Calyx persistent; lobes oblong, pubescent, 2–5 mm. long.. Corolla 1.5–3.3 cm. long.. Filaments glabrous: anthers 2–3 mm. long.. Ovary slightly compressed, 1–1.5 mm. long, more or less rounded at the apex, pilose.. Capsule oblong-quadrangular, slightly compressed, deeply 4-grooved, rounded at the base and apex, then rather abruptly and shortly beaked at the apex, 1.5–3.2 cm. long (including the beak), 6–7 mm. broad, glandular and pubescent; beak 2–4 mm. or rarely shorter (Fig. 7/5–7).. Seeds (Fig. 7/8) more or less horizontal in the capsule, not winged, 2.5–3 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, black, brown or white, with faces smooth or rarely slightly veined, never rugulose or reticulate.. Fig. 7/4–8.
More
Erect annual herb, 10-120 cm high; stem simple or branched, obtusely quadrangular, finely pubescent to glabrescent, more or less glandular. Leaves very variable in shape, usually heteromorphic, opposite or alternate; the inferior long-petiolate (petiole 3-11 cm long), lanceolate to ovate, 3-lobed, 3-partite or 3-foliate, 4-20 x 2-10 cm, cuneate or obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, margins often serrate; superior leaves more shortly petiolate (petiole 3-5 cm long), narrowed, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm broad, usually entire and narrowly cuneate at the base; all leaves thinly pubescent and more or less glandular, glabrescent. Flowers white, pink or mauve-pink with darker markings. Calyx persistent. Corolla 1.5-3.3 cm long. Capsule narrowly oblong in lateral view, 4-sulcate, rounded at the base, 1.5-3.0 x 0.6-0.7 cm; beak broad and short; walls of the capsule often not smooth, but covered with horizontal stripes (impressions of the seeds). Seeds more or less horizontal, not winged but with an inconspicuous double fringe; testa smooth, rarely slightly venose, black, brown or white when mature.
Erect, fetid, glandular pubescent, annual herb to 2 m tall, somewhat branched; stems 4-angled. Leaves opposite below, often alternate above, variable in shape, entire, serrate, palmately lobed or nearly compound, 8-15 cm long, 6-10 cm wide, pubescent above and below and with copious 4-celled short-stalked glands beneath, the petioles ca. 5 cm long, often pilose. Inflorescence a single flower or 2-3 flowers in the upper leaf axils; pedicels 1-2 cm long with 2 yellow or black basal nectaries. Flowers white, rose or purple, mostly maculate; calyx 6-8 mm long, deeply 5 lobed, the lobes similar, acute or acuminate; corolla campanulate, basally minutely saccate, slightly 2-lipped, pubescent outside and with 1-4 celled glands; anthers pale yellow with a short white or brownish beak; ovary pilose, erect, brown or purple, grooved, with 4 rounded angles, the style slender, gla-brous. Fruit apically dehiscent, to 3 cm long, oblong, glabrate to hirsute; seeds smooth or minutely rugose, to 3 mm long.
A small upright plant. It is an annual plant. It is erect and much branched. It grows 1-2 m tall. The stem is stout and 4 sided. It is furrowed along its length. It is densely covered with glandular hairs. The leaves are fine and downy. They vary in shape. The lower leaves have long stalks and are spear shaped often with lobes or a toothed edge. The leaf stalks are 3-11 cm long. The leaf blade is 4-20 cm long by 2-10 cm wide. Upper leaves are narrow and oblong. They are 0.5-2.5 cm wide. The flowers are pink and white. They occur in the axils of upper leaves. They occur either on their own or in groups or 2 or 3. They can be white, pink, purplish and with yellow spots and stripes. The fruit can be smooth or rough and there are 2 chambers in the capsule. The fruit are brown or purple. They are oblong and deeply grooved. The seeds are small and oval. They are 3 mm by 1.5 mm and vary in colour from white, yellow, grey, red, brown or black. The fully ripe pods burst open.
Herbs annual, erect, to 1.2 m tall. Stems branched or unbranched, 4-angled, finely pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves opposite or alternate; petiole 3-11 cm on lower leaves; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate, variously 3-parted, 4-20 X 2-10 cm; upper stem leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, base cuneate, margin entire. Flowers white, pink, or mauve-pink with darker markings. Calyx persistent. Corolla 1.5-3.3 cm. Capsule narrowly oblong, rounded at base, 1.5-3 cm X 6-7 mm; beak broad, short. Seeds horizontally arranged, double fringe conspicuous; testa white, brown, or black when ripe, smooth. 2n = 26*.
Leaves very variable in shape, usually heteromorphic, opposite or alternate; the inferior long-petiolate (petiole 3–11 cm. long), lanceolate to ovate, 3-lobed, 3–partite or 3-foliate, 4–20 x 2–10 cm., cuneate or obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, margins often serrate; superior leaves more shortly petiolate (petiole 3–5 cm. long), narrowed, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 0.5–2.5 cm. broad, usually entire and narrowly cuneate at the base; all leaves thinly pubescent and more or less glandular, glabrescent.
Erect annual to 1.5 m, evidently to inconspicuously hairy; lvs lanceolate to ovate, entire or in part coarsely toothed; fls pink or yellowish to white, 2–3 cm, on short, ascending-erect pedicels; fr 2–3 cm, roundly 4-angled; seeds oily, aromatic; 2n=26. Native probably of India, but unknown in the wild; long in cult., and occasionally found in our range as a casual escape.
Annual herb, 0.1-1.2 m high. Leaves variable; inferior leaves entire or lobed to digitate, opposite or alternate. Bracts of extrafloral nectaries conspicuous. Inferior lip of flower not prominent. Seeds not winged but with an inconspicuous double fringe, testa smooth or slightly venose. Flowers white, pink or mauve-pink with darker markings.
Capsule narrowly oblong in lateral view, 4-sulcate, rounded at the base, 1.5–3.0 x 0.6–0.7 cm.; beak broad and short; walls of the capsule often not smooth, but covered with horizontal stripes (impressions of the seeds) (TAB. 23 fig. 6).
Seeds more or less horizontal, not winged but with an inconspicuous double fringe (TAB. 25 fig. 6); testa smooth, rarely slightly venose, black, brown or white when mature.
Erect annual herb, 10–120 cm. high; stem simple or branched, obtusely quadrangular, finely pubescent to glabrescent, more or less glandular.
Flowers white, pink or mauve-pink with darker markings.
Flowers whitish or pink and purple-tinged and spotted
Erect, simple or branched, herb, 1-6 ft. high
Corolla 1.5–3.3 cm. long.
Calyx persistent.
Cultivated.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination autogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.5
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 1.2
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A tropical plant. It suits the hot dry semi-arid tropics and subtropics. It can tolerate short periods of drought once established. It needs a temperature of 20-24°C in early growth then 27°C for ripening. It grows from sea level to about 1,200 m. It grows in areas with a rainfall from 400 to 1000 mm. Soils need to be well drained. It is very intolerant of water-logging. It cannot stand high humidity. It needs frost free conditions. It needs a dry period for seed drying. It does not like acid soils. In Nepal it grows up to about 2400 m altitude. It grows in open sunny places. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
More
Not known in a truly wild situation.
Not known in a truly wild situation.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The seed are ground and eaten. They are used in soups or fried or boiled. They are used in tahini and hummus. Seeds are eaten in the form of sweetmeats. Roasted seeds are used in pickles. They are also put on bread. Oil from the seeds is used in cooking and on salads. The refuse from the seed after the oil has been extracted is boiled in water and made into soup. The seeds are used in chutney. The dried leaves are crushed and cooked with dried fish and eaten in curries.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use fodder food food additive fuel gene source material medicinal non-vertebrate poison oil poison social use
Edible leaves seeds stems
Therapeutic use Antidiarrheal (leaf), Gynecological Aid (leaf), Misc. Disease Remedy (leaf), Pediatric Aid (leaf), Hair loss (leaf), Cholera (leaf), Demulcents (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Emollients (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Graves ophthalmopathy (leaf), Hair dyes (leaf), Kidney diseases (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Urinary bladder diseases (leaf), Urinary tract infections (leaf), Urination disorders (leaf), Antiviral agents (plant cells/culture), Diarrhea (plant exudate), Dysentery (plant exudate), Hair loss (root), Emollients (root), Hair dyes (root), Antidiarrheal (seed), Cathartic (seed), Gynecological Aid (seed), Misc. Disease Remedy (seed), Pediatric Aid (seed), Hair loss (seed), Amenorrhea (seed), Anti-inflammatory agents (seed), Anti-obesity agents (seed), Antirheumatic agents (seed), Aphrodisiacs (seed), Asthenia (seed), Asthma (seed), Brain diseases (seed), Burns (seed), Cough (seed), Demulcents (seed), Diuretics (seed), Dysentery (seed), Dysmenorrhea (seed), Earache (seed), Emollients (seed), Eye diseases (seed), Facial paralysis (seed), Fatigue (seed), Fractures, bone (seed), Furunculosis (seed), Galactogogues (seed), Gonorrhea (seed), Graves ophthalmopathy (seed), Headache (seed), Helminthiasis (seed), Hemorrhage (seed), Hemorrhoids (seed), Hoarseness (seed), Inflammation (seed), Laxatives (seed), Menstruation-inducing agents (seed), Migraine disorders (seed), Pain (seed), Paralysis (seed), Pharyngitis (seed), Polyuria (seed), Pruritus (seed), Pulmonary eosinophilia (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Sexually transmitted diseases (seed), Skin diseases (seed), Toothache (seed), Ulcer (seed), Urination disorders (seed), Wounds and injuries (seed), Sexual debility (seed), Abortive (unspecified), Ache(Ear) (unspecified), Alopecia (unspecified), Aperient (unspecified), Aphrodisiac (unspecified), Burn (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Debility (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Emollient (unspecified), Eruption (unspecified), Female (unspecified), Hair-Oil (unspecified), Impotency (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Labor (unspecified), Lactogogue (unspecified), Ladentifrice (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Neuritis (unspecified), Neuroparalysis (unspecified), Numbness (unspecified), Ointment-Base (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Otorrhea (unspecified), Pediculicide (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Poultice (unspecified), Preventitive(Cold) (unspecified), Preventitive(Convulsion) (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Shampoo (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Tumor(Abdomen) (unspecified), Unguent (unspecified), Vertigo (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Abortifacient (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Cold(Head) (unspecified), Lactagogue (unspecified), Liniment (unspecified), Paralysis (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Venereal (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Bechic (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Deafness (unspecified), Hair-Tonic (unspecified), Hairblack (unspecified), Lenitive (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Anti-obesity agents (unspecified), Burns (unspecified), Demulcents (unspecified), Earache (unspecified), Emaciation (unspecified), Emollients (unspecified), Eye diseases (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Graves ophthalmopathy (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Hemorrhoids (unspecified), Inflammatory bowel diseases (unspecified), Pain (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vitiligo (unspecified), Wounds and injuries (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seed will not germinate below 21°C. Seed are broadcast on well prepared land. Seed are harrowed in using feet or a light harrow. Plants can be thinned or weeded during early growth to produce a better crop. Seeding rates of 9-11 kg/ha are used. Plants are spaced 2-15 cm apart in rows placed at 20-45 cm apart. Some varieties shatter and lose their seeds very easily.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) 7 - 14
Germination temperacture (C°) 20
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Sesamum indicum habit picture by prasantahembram (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Sesamum indicum leaf picture by Veronique Sarthou (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum leaf picture by Vinay Kumar Bajpai (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum leaf picture by Maharajan SARAVANAN (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Sesamum indicum flower picture by Herwig Mees (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum flower picture by Nayan Bhardwaj (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum flower picture by Maharajan SARAVANAN (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Sesamum indicum fruit picture by Mohamed ATTA (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum fruit picture by Veronique Sarthou (cc-by-sa)
Sesamum indicum fruit picture by prasantahembram (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Sesamum indicum world distribution map, present in Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:675971-1
WFO ID wfo-0000497088
COL ID 4WYTB
BDTFX ID 81450
INPN ID 455271
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Volkameria sesamodes Sesamum malabaricum Sesamum tavakarii Sesamum orientale Anthadenia sesamoides Strobilanthes gentiliana Sesamum africanum Sesamum occidentale Sesamum oleiferum Volkameria orientalis Sesamum somalense Sesamum hopkinsii Sesamum luteum Sesamum foetidum Sesamum brasiliense Sesamum auriculatum Sesamum trifoliatum Sesamum mulayanum Sesamum indicum