Sideroxylon inerme L.

Species

Angiosperms > Ericales > Sapotaceae > Sideroxylon

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m, occasionally 10-12 m, high. Leaves dark green and shiny above, paler below, often drying a peculiar dull greyish-green colour above, usually quite glabrous (except when very young), but occasionally with irregular patches of appressed hairs; usually elliptic to obovate-oblong. more rarely ovate, obovate-spathulate or lanceolate, 4-12 cm long and 2-5 cm wide, with subreflexed edges, obtuse (sometimes emarginate or retuse), subacute to cuneate at the base, more or less decurrent on the petiole, midrib prominent beneath, secondary nerves not very conspicuous; tertiary nerves not or hardly distinguishable from the fine reticulate nervations, the latter quite distinct in younger leaves; petioles at first rusty-tomentose, soon quite glabrous, 6-15 mm long. Flowers in few-to many-flowered fascicles or solitary, in the axils of the lower leaves of the branches, or also on the naked branches below them, often on short warts; bracts minute, 2-12 mm long, sparingly whitish-pubescent, in fruit appressed, scarcely accrescent. Corolla greenish-white, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes, rotate, up to 5 mm across, tube short, lobes usually longer than the tube, ovate, entire, obtuse. Alternipetalous staminodes ovate-lanceolate or oblong or oblong-lanceolate, about as long as the corolla lobes, but narrower, usually incised, serrate, lacerate, dentate, crenulate or with wavy edge, acute, acuminate or obtuse. Ovary with rather long appressed white hairs; style about the same length as the ovary, glabrous. Berry black, globose, smooth, up to 12 mm in diam. when fresh (up to 10 mm when dry), usually crowned with the short persistent style; pulp purple or purplish-green, with white viscid juice; the latex long remaining sticky in dried specimens. Seed drying a shiny yellowish-brown, 6-9.5 mm long, 5-8 mm wide and 5-7.5 mm high, with several more or less distinct grooves most conspicuous near the base, and with 2-4 small impressions between the grooves close to the scar.
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Spreading much-branched evergreen shrub or small tree; height up to 15m.; older branches glabrous; bark grey and fissured.. Petiole 0.5–1.5(–2) cm. long, glabrous.. Leaf-lamina elliptic, elliptic-obovate to obovate, (3-)4–10(–15) cm. long, (l.5-)2–6(–7.5) cm. wide, apex obtuse to rounded or emarginate, base tapering, narrowly cuneate and decurrent with petiole, glabrous on older leaves; upper surface with slightly raised nervation, lower surface with lateral nerves slightly raised and inconspicuous.. Pedicels up to 7 mm. long, puberulous.. Sepals broadly ovate, up to 2.5 mm. long, puberu-lous or ± glabrescent outside.. Corolla greenish-white; tube up to 1.5 mm. long; lobes ± ovate, up to 2.5 mm. long.. Filaments 1.5–4 mm. long.. Staminodes petaloid, ± ovate, but sometimes constricted near base, 1.5–3 mm. long, irregularly serrulate or rarely ± entire.. Ovary subglobose; style short, up to 1.5 mm. long.. Fruits green at first but finally ripening black, 6–15 mm. in diameter.. Seeds solitary, depressed subglobose, 4–9 mm. in diameter, with 1–5 longitudinal ridges and with 1–4 small pits (impressions of aborted ovules) near the larger basal scar; embryo horizontal, with lateral radicle.
Tree or shrub, 1-15 m high; blackish bark. Leaves dark green, glossy above, elliptic to obovate, base acuminate, apex slightly acute, glabrous above. Flowers 5-merous throughout, scented, axillary. Corolla 5-lobed, without lateral appendages, campanulate, whitish green, ovate, auricled at base. Calyx up to 2 mm long, cup-shaped, imbricate glabrous. Stamens arising from throat of corolla tube; staminodes petaloid, with a broad base, alternipetalous. Ovary with basally attached seed. Flowering time all year. Fruit 1-seeded, up to 100 mm in diam., purple to blackish. Seeds depressed-globose, with small, circular scar in a basal depression; testa thick, bony, dark brown.
A small evergreen tree. It is often crooked and low but can be straight and up to 11 m tall. The bark becomes cracked with age. The leaves are tough and leathery and dark green above and paler beneath. They are 2.5-12 cm long by 1.5-5 cm wide. They are oval. The midrib is easy to see and raised underneath the leaf. The young leaf stalks are covered with rusty red hairs. The flowers are small and green. They occur singly or in clusters in the axils of leaves. The flowers have a strong unpleasant smell. The fruit are small and round. They can be 1.2 cm across. They are purplish black when mature. There is one seed inside.
Leaf lamina 3·5–9·5 x 2–4·5 cm., elliptic to obovate, sometimes elliptic–ovate or suborbicular, the apex rounded, slightly emarginate or acute, the base cuspidate to acuminate; petiole 0·5–2 cm. long. Upper leaf surface glabrous, midrib level with surface. Lower surface often ferrugineous–pubescent, glabrescent; midrib fairly prominent, lateral nerves indistinct, tertiary veins forming a fine even reticulation.
Shrub or small tree to 10 m with white latex. Leaves dark green, leathery, elliptic, obtuse. Flowers 1-few in axillary clusters or cauliflorous, greenish white. Fruits fleshy, black.
Apical buds ferrugineous pubescent; distal leafy part of branchlets pubescent or glabrous; older leafless twigs with grey striated bark.
Corolla 2·4–3·6 mm. long, campanulate, whitish, cream–coloured or greenish; lobes 2–3 times as long as tube, ovate, auricled at base.
Flowers 4– or 5–merous, scented, in few– to many–flowered fascicles in leaf axils or on older wood; pedicels 0–4 mm. long.
Calyx 1·6–2 mm. long, cup–shaped; lobes suborbicular, imbricate, ± glabrous.
Evergreen shrub or small tree 2–15 m. tall with brown or blackish bark.
Seed up to 6 mm. in diameter, glossy, cream–coloured or dark brown.
Fruit up to 1 cm. in diameter, purple to blackish.
Staminodes c. 1·8 mm. long.
Anthers 1–1·4 mm. long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Coastal woodland and littoral forest. A common component of shrub thickets on the seashore near the high-water mark, also found along landward fringes of mangroves. Sometimes found further inland along rivers and in open woodland, up to 1,500 metres.
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A tropical plant. It can grow up to 1200 m altitude in South Africa. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. It grows in coastal woodlands and dune forests. It is widespread on mountains. In Brisbane Botanical Gardens.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture 5-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The ripe fruit are eaten raw.
Uses charcoal environmental use food gene source material medicinal poison wood
Edible flowers fruits
Therapeutic use Astringent (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. They can be grown from semi-mature side shoot cuttings. They may need mist and bottom heat.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Fruit

Sideroxylon inerme fruit picture by Iain Douglas-Hamilton (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Sideroxylon inerme world distribution map, present in Kenya, Mozambique, Pakistan, Somalia, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:789686-1
WFO ID wfo-0000310772
COL ID 6YN2M
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 790739
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Sideroxylon atrovirens Sideroxylon inerme Calvaria inermis Sideroxylon inerme var. schlechteri

Lower taxons

Sideroxylon inerme subsp. cryptophlebium Sideroxylon inerme subsp. diospyroides Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme