Simarouba amara Aubl.

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Simaroubaceae > Simarouba

Characteristics

Trees, 5-35 m high; branchlets reddish, glabrate. Leaves even-or odd-pinnate, to ca. 60 cm long; petiole and rachis reddish, minutely puberulent above in the sulcus, the petioles 4-7 cm long; leaflets 9-16, alternate to rarely subopposite, oblong to narrowly obovate or elliptic, rounded and abruptly short-acunfinate to occasionally retuse apically, inequilateral and cuneate basally, the margin entire and retuse, thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and duller beneath, the midrib impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins obscure, 2.5-11 cm long and 12-45 mm wide, the lowermost usually smaller, the petiolules 1-2 mm long, minutely puberulent above in the sulcus. Staminate panicles terminal, widely-branched, densely-flowered, reddish, minutely puberu-lent, to ca. 30 cm long. Staminate flowers campanulate, greenish or yellowish, subtended by deciduous spathulate bracts, the pedicels minutely puberulent, 2 mm long; calyx bowl-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous, ca. 1 mm high, the lobes broadly triangular, ciliate; petals 5, ovate, upright and slightly spreading apically at anthesis, 4-5 mm long and to 3 mm wide; stamens 10, in 2 whorls, ca. 4 mm long, the outermost whorl slightly shorter, the filaments subulate, the appendages densely tomentose, the tomentum covering the disc and intertwining to cohere adjacent filaments; the disc ca. 1 mm high, 5-lobed; the gynoecium rudimentary. Carpellate panicles like the staminate, but fewer-flowered. Carpellate flowers like the staminate, but the pedicels to 5 mm long; petals 3-3.5 mm long; stamens reduced to 10 obovoid, beaked, pubescent staminodia 1 mm high; disc 10-lobed, less than 1 mm high, pubescent to glabrate; ovary obovoid, deeply 5-lobed, glabrous, 2 mm high, the style ca. 1 mm long, deciduous, the stigmas 5, recurved, ca. 1 mm long. Drupes 1-3 per flower, obovoid or ellipsoid, slightly compressed laterally, markedly contracted basally, with a medial ridge and a prominent sub-apical stylar scar, brownish-punctate, glabrous, green to reddish, becoming blue-black at maturity, ca. 1.5 cm long.
More
An evergreen tree. It grows 42 m tall. The crown is broad. There are flushes of new growth. The trunk is 50-60 cm across. The leaves are compound and 60 cm long. There are 9-16 leaflets and these are 3-11 cm long by 12-45 mm wide. The leaflets towards the top are smaller. Male and female flowers are on separate trees. The flowers are small and pale yellow. The fruit are 17 mm long and have large seeds. The seeds are 10-14 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.5 - 0.6
Mature height (meter) 25.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

An understorey tree in moist thickets or wet forests at elevations up to 850 metres. Rain and savannah forests. Found in both dense, primary forest and also in the more open and secondary growth areas.
More
A tropical plant. It grows in dry soil. It grows below 1,000 m above sea level. It grows in rainforests and savannah. It can grow in arid places. It needs to be in a sunny position.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-9
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The ripe fruit are eaten raw. The seed kernels yield an oil used in cooking and the manufacture of margarine.
Uses animal food charcoal environmental use fiber food fuel material medicinal oil poison wood
Edible barks fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Amebicides (bark), Antineoplastic agents (bark), Antiparasitic agents (bark), Antiviral agents (bark), Dysentery (bark), Insecticides (bark), Malaria (bark), Amebicides (flower), Antineoplastic agents (flower), Antiparasitic agents (flower), Antiviral agents (flower), Dysentery (flower), Insecticides (flower), Malaria (flower), Amebicides (leaf), Antineoplastic agents (leaf), Antiparasitic agents (leaf), Antiviral agents (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Insecticides (leaf), Malaria (leaf), Amebicides (seed), Antineoplastic agents (seed), Antiparasitic agents (seed), Antiviral agents (seed), Dysentery (seed), Insecticides (seed), Malaria (seed), Cancer (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Simarouba amara habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)
Simarouba amara habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)
Simarouba amara habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)

Leaf

Simarouba amara leaf picture by Alguera Joselyn (cc-by-sa)
Simarouba amara leaf picture by Yeimer Negrete (cc-by-sa)
Simarouba amara leaf picture by Dr Scholz (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Simarouba amara world distribution map, present in Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Montserrat, Martinique, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Conservation status

Simarouba amara threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:814124-1
WFO ID wfo-0000492139
COL ID 4XF25
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 630675
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Quassia dioica Quassia alatifolia Quassia officinalis Quassia simaruba Simarouba opaca Pistacia americana Quassia simarouba Simarouba amara var. opaca Simarouba amara var. puberula Zwingera amara Simarouba amara