Solanum anguivi Lam.

Forest bitterberry (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Solanales > Solanaceae > Solanum

Characteristics

Leaves solitary or appearing geminate; petiole (0.5)1–4.5(6.5) cm long; lamina ± membranous, 3–19(22) × (1.5)2–12(18) cm, ovate or rhombic-ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, very rarely suborbicular, base truncate or rounded to attenuate, sometimes ± cordate, and often ± unequal-sided, occasionally decurrent into the petiole, apex obtuse to acute or acuminate, subentire to lobed, the lobes ± triangular or ovate-triangular, obtuse to acute, the sinuses rounded between the lobes, tomentose at first, becoming more thinly hairy above, sometimes with the central ray of the hairs longer than the others, ± persistently densely hairy beneath, forms from shady sites much less hairy, forms in exposed places quite felty, both surfaces with a few ± straight prickles mostly on the midrib and secondary nerves, rarely unarmed.
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Slender shrub, up to 2 m high; vegetative parts and calyx with stellate indumentum; ± armed. Prickles straight, thin, straw-coloured, up to 8 mm long. Leaves elliptic-ovate, up to 200 x 100 mm, entire to sinuate, prickles few; petioles up to 60 mm long. Inflorescence racemose, 1-10-flowered; peduncle up to 6 mm long; pedicels 4-15 mm long. Calyx hairy, up to 4 mm long, deeply lobed, lobes ± triangular. Corolla ± 10 mm long, 9-13 mm in diam., deeply lobed; lobes lanceolate, stellate hairs outside, white to mauve. Flowering time Nov.-May. Fruit ± globose, juicy, up to 15 mm in diam., smooth, white or green, ripening orange to red; pedicel 8-15 mm long, mostly erect. Seeds ± ovate, compressed, up to 2 x 3 mm, finely pitted, light brown.
Cymes mostly lateral, leaf-remote, unbranched or occasionally once forked, generally racemiform, (2)4–20(25)-flowered, usually all flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, widely and ± equally spaced often on a well developed rhachis, occasionally the flowers sub-umbelliform or solitary, tomentose to minutely hairy, sometimes with purplish hairs; peduncle up to 3 cm long, prickly to quite unarmed; pedicels 3–9 mm long, slender, thickened and occasionally prickly distally, erect or ± curved, in fruit elongated to 15 mm, stouter, erect to deflexed.
A shrub. It grows 1 m high. It has irregular branches. They are slightly woody. There are short prickles on the stems and leaf veins. The leaves are oval and some deep triangle shaped lobes on each side. The leaves are 15 cm long by 10 cm wide. The flowers are in compact groups of 12 small flowers. They are mauve or white. The fruit are small orange or red berries. They are 1 cm across.
Erect to spreading, woody herb, shrub or very rarely a small tree to 4(5) m, usually armed; hairs stellate, sessile or shortly stalked, with short to long rays, the central ray sometimes longer; prickles yellowish to brownish or occasionally dark purple basally, few to many, straight or somewhat recurved, up to 13 mm long and 5 mm wide at the base, ± hairy to glabrous.
Calyx purple, violaceous or maroon, tomentose to moderately hairy, unarmed or occasionally prickly; tube 1–3 mm long, shortly campanulate or cupular; lobes ± unequal, 0.5–2.5 × 0.5–1.7 mm, shortly triangular to oblong-cuspidate or linear, obtuse or acute to long-acuminate, sparingly hairy inside.
Corolla white tinged pink, purple to blue outside, sometimes so only proximally, 8–18(20) mm across, ± stelliform; lobes 3.5–9 × 1.5–4 mm, ovate-lanceolate to linear, acute, densely hairy or hairy only on median region and apex outside and less so to subglabrous inside.
Spiny shrub, 0.5-3.0 m high. Spines straight. Leaves deeply pinnatisect, sparsely stellate-pubescent above, densely so beneath. Inflorescence a few-flowered cyme. Corolla 9-13 mm in diameter. Berry red or orange. Flowers pale violet, white.
Fruit at first green, later yellow to red, glossy, turning brown or blackish with age, 6–12(13) mm in diameter, globose, occasionally with a few hairs near the top, 2–3-locular, fleshy and edible when mature, easily detached.
Ovary c. 1 mm in diameter, ± globose, glabrous or with a few hairs near the top; style 6–8 mm long, straight or slightly curved at the apex, usually hairy on lower three quarters.
Seeds whitish to yellowish, more rarely orange to light purple, 2–3 × 1.5–2.8 mm, lenticular-reniform or oblong to discoid, verruculous-rugose to minutely pitted all over.
Stamen filaments 0–1.5 mm long; anthers 3–6 mm long, linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline, cordate basally, ± straight.
Branches occasionally purplish tinged, tomentose, tardily glabrescent, usually with scattered prickles.
Flowers (4)5-merous.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention -
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.25 - 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

Usually found as a weed in gardens or disturbed areas. Primitive very prickly and hairy types can be found in forest habitats, ranging from primary to slightly disturbed forest.
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A tropical plant. It grows in relatively humid locations.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit are eaten as a vegetable. They can be cooked and sun dried and then stored for later use in soups. They are used unripe. The ripe fruit can be eaten raw. They are also fried. The green fruit are salted, dried, roasted in oil and eaten.
Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal oil
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use Hair loss (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Antipruritics (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Toothache (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antiemetics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antipruritics (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Antipruritics (root), Asthma (root), Bronchitis (root), Colic (root), Common cold (root), Diarrhea (root), Dyspepsia (root), Expectorants (root), Flatulence (root), Leprosy (root), General tonic for rejuvenation (root), Skin diseases (root), Toothache (root), Diaphoretic (root), Dysuria (seed), Toothache (seed), Hair loss (unspecified), Amenorrhea (unspecified), Analgesics (unspecified), Anthelmintics (unspecified), Antipruritics (unspecified), Antipyretics (unspecified), Aphrodisiacs (unspecified), Appetite stimulants (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringents (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cardiotonic agents (unspecified), Cardiovascular diseases (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Diuretics (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Dysuria (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Expectorants (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Labor pain (unspecified), Leprosy (unspecified), Menstruation-inducing agents (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Urination disorders (unspecified), Vomiting (unspecified), Anthelmintics (whole plant), Asthma (whole plant), Cough (whole plant), Digestive system diseases (whole plant), Expectorants (whole plant), Eye diseases (whole plant), Fever (whole plant), Flatulence (whole plant), Heart diseases (whole plant), Hiccup (whole plant), Hoarseness (whole plant), Leprosy, lepromatous (whole plant), Pain (whole plant), Rhinitis (whole plant), Taste disorders (whole plant), Vomiting (whole plant)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seeds. Seedlings emerge in about a week. A spacing of about 1 m is suitable.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Solanum anguivi unspecified picture

Distribution

Solanum anguivi world distribution map, present in Angola, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malawi, Nigeria, Pakistan, Réunion, Rwanda, Sudan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sao Tome and Principe, eSwatini, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Solanum anguivi threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-0001026208
COL ID 4XZHH
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 706817
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Solanum batangense Solanum anguivi Solanum aurantiacobaccatum Solanum carvalhoi Solanum congense Solanum dichroanthum Solanum dinklagei Solanum distichum Solanum flamignii Solanum grotei Solanum jaegeri Solanum lividum Solanum rederi Solanum ruwenzoriense Solanum sakarense Solanum scalare Solanum wildemanii Solanum yangambiense Solanum albiflorum Solanum buettneri Solanum cultum Solanum halophilum Solanum jespersenii Solanum kandtii Solanum keniense Solanum mesodolichum Solanum newtonii Solanum nguelense Solanum olivaceum Solanum orthocarpum Solanum pseudogeminifolium Solanum rohrii Solanum senegambicum Solanum spathotrichum Solanum ueleense Solanum indicum subsp. clinocarpum Solanum indicum subsp. distichum Solanum indicum subsp. grandifrons Solanum indicum subsp. rohrii Solanum indicum subsp. zechii Solanum indicum var. arussorum Solanum indicum var. brevipedicellatum Solanum indicum var. brevistellatum Solanum indicum var. bukobense Solanum indicum var. carvalhoi Solanum indicum var. depauperatum Solanum indicum var. dichroanthum Solanum indicum var. eldamae Solanum indicum var. grandemunitum Solanum indicum var. immunitum Solanum indicum var. jaegeri Solanum indicum var. kandtii Solanum indicum var. modicearmatum Solanum indicum var. monbuttorum Solanum indicum var. nguelense Solanum indicum var. profundelobatum Solanum indicum var. pseudogeminifolium Solanum indicum var. sakarense Solanum indicum var. spathotrichum Solanum indicum var. subquercinum Solanum indicum var. suprastrigulosum Solanum indicum subsp. newtonii Solanum indicum subsp. olivaceum Solanum indicum subsp. pervilleanum Solanum indicum var. breviaculeatum Solanum indicum var. grotei Solanum indicum var. halophilum Solanum indicum var. kiwuense Solanum indicum var. lividum Solanum indicum var. maroanum Solanum indicum var. mesodolichum Solanum indicum var. micranthum Solanum indicum var. busogae Solanum occidentale Solanum schroederi Solanum aethiopicum var. anguivi Solanum indicum subsp. mesodolichum