Solanum aviculare G.Forst.

New zealand nightshade (en), Morelle du Cap (fr), Morelle des oiseaux (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Solanales > Solanaceae > Solanum

Characteristics

Glabrous, unarmed, soft-wooded shrub to c. 3 m tall; stems angular, green or purplish. Lvs petiolate, 7-35 cm long, entire or pinnatisect (with 1-4 pairs of lobes extending to c. 10 mm from midrib) on the same plant. Lamina of entire lvs 2-7-(10) cm wide (lobes of pinnatisect lvs usually 0.5-3 cm wide, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes elliptic-lanceolate); base decurrent on petiole; apex subacute to acuminate. Cymes 2-12-flowered; peduncles to 12 cm long and slender at anthesis; pedicels pendent at fruiting. Calyx 4-7 mm long, accrescent; lobes broadly triangular, small, mucronate. Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm diam., usually mauve, paler towards margins, occasionally white, almost glabrous; lobes very broadly ovate, acute, slightly < to slightly > tube. Anthers 3-4 mm long. Berry 1.5-2.5 cm long, broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, orange, pendent; stone cells generally not conspicuous, < seeds. Seed < 2 mm diam., ± obovoid and somewhat asymmetric.
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Erect shrub to 4 m, dark green, glabrous except for glandular and minute, simple, non-glandular hairs on young growing points and corolla apices; stems angular with raised lines; prickles absent. Lobed leaves broadly elliptic to obovate; lamina 15–30 cm long, concolorous, the lobes 1–10 cm long, 0.5–2 cm wide; petiole to 4 cm long. Entire leaves lanceolate-elliptic, the lamina 8–25 cm long, 1–3.5 cm wide, concolorous; petiole 1–2 cm long. Inflorescence up to 10-flowered; peduncle to 35 mm long; rachis to 15 cm long, often forked at base; pedicels 15–20 mm long. Calyx 5–6 mm long; lobes triangular, 1.5–3 mm long. Corolla rotate-stellate, 25–40 mm diam., blue-violet; lobes acute. Anthers 3.5–4.5 mm long. Berry ovoid to ellipsoid, 10–15 mm diam., bright orange-red to scarlet. Seeds 1–1.5 mm long, light brown or reddish-brown. Stone-cell granules usually 1–1.5 mm long.
Glab. soft-wooded branching shrub or small tree up to ± 3 m. tall; stems green or purplish. Lvs alt., dark green, membr. to subcoriac., (4)-15-30-(40) cm. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or irregularly pinnatifid (us. on same plant) with c. 1-3 lanceolate acute lobes; petioles decurrent. Fls axillary in 1-3 few-to many-fld cymes. Calyx-lobes short, broad, spreading. Corolla broadly campanulate to rotate, up to 3·5 cm. diam.; lobes c. = tube, lanceolate; lavender, paling towards margins, or white. Filaments = or > anthers. Anthers oblong, spreading, opening by apical slits. Berry broadly ovoid, 20-25 mm. long, drooping, yellowish. Seeds < 2 mm. long. Baylis (loc. cit. 639) gives: n = 23, average pollen-grain diam. 25-31 µ; stone-cell masses in ripe fr. inconspicuous, only exceeding the seeds in size when coalescent.
A shrub which keeps growing from year to year. It grows to 2-4 m tall and spreads to 5 m across. The stem is erect with spreading branches. The stems are purplish-green and angular. The leaves are dark green and 10-30 cm long and 1-12 cm wide. Normally the leaves are deeply divided into long tapering triangular segments. The leaf stalks are 3 cm long. The flowers are blue or purple and 3.5 cm across. They are 5 sided or star shaped with sharply pointed lobes. They develop in bunches in the axils of leaves and towards the ends of branches. The bunches can be 5-13 cm across. The fruit are egg shaped berries. They are orange, red or yellow and 2.5 cm long. There are several seeds inside the soft pulp.
Life form perennial
Growth form shrub
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 3.25 - 3.75
Mature height (meter) 2.5 - 2.75
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Coastal and lowland forest margins and shrubland on North South and Chatham Islands in New Zealand. Disturbed areas in upland and mountain rain forest at elevations from 700-1,100 metres in Queensland.
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Coastal and lowland forest margins and shrubland on North South and Chatham Islands in New Zealand. Disturbed areas in upland and mountain rain forest at elevations from 700-1,100 metres in Queensland.
A warm and cool temperate plant. It is drought and frost resistant. It will grow on most soils. It is more common near the edges of rainforests. It suits hardiness zones 9-11.
Locally frequent on Lord Howe Island, especially at lower elevations in mountainous areas.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 4-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The fully ripe fruit is eaten raw or baked until the skin breaks open. They can be boiled, baked or stewed with sugar. They can be made into jam. Caution: The chemicals could make this plant risky, especially with unripe fruit and for pregnant women.
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Ripe berries eaten by Aborigines in Lake Condah area. Cultivated in (former) U.S.S.R., eastern Europe and New Zealand as source of solasodine for cortisone and other steroid drugs.
Uses food material medicinal oil poison vertebrate poison
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Antipruritics (plant exudate), Scabies (plant exudate), Itch (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Scabies (unspecified), Skin ulcer (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Solanum aviculare leaf picture by Serap Yeni (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare leaf picture by xiaolin huo (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare leaf picture by Jian Chen (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Solanum aviculare flower picture by x orkinson (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare flower picture by Jian Chen (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare flower picture by aaaron aaron (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Solanum aviculare fruit picture by Jian Chen (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare fruit picture by Jessy Wonder (cc-by-sa)
Solanum aviculare fruit picture by Caroline Donovan (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Solanum aviculare world distribution map, present in Australia, Georgia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, United States of America, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-0001026424
COL ID 4XZMS
BDTFX ID 64854
INPN ID 124018
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Solanum dispar Solanum baylisii Solanum cheesemanii Solanum glaberrimum Solanum aviculare var. albiflorum Solanum aviculare var. latifolium Solanum aviculare var. typicum Solanum aviculare