Solanum betaceum Cav.

Tree tomato (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Solanales > Solanaceae > Solanum

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree, up to 6(7) m high, usually covered with small white, sub-circular or linear spots, somewhat softly and shortly pubescent with simple hairs and papillose glandular hairs to ± glabrous. Leaves solitary or rarely geminate; petiole 1.5-11.5 cm long, initially clasping at the base; lamina somewhat fleshy or sub-coriaceous, 4-36 x 1.5-27 cm, cordate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate and often unequal-sided, apex acute or obtuse, often ± acuminate, entire to slightly 3-lobed (elsewhere sometimes pinnatisect), densely ciliate, finely pubescent, paler and sometimes sub-velvety beneath, with 3-8 pairs of lateral nerves. Cymes ± axillary or supra-axillary, nodding or pendulous, 2-13 cm long, simple or 2-3 times branched, ± densely spreading pubescent. Flowers fragrant; pedicels 7-12 mm long, slender, thickened upwards; in fruit much elongated and thicker. Calyx 3.5-4.5 mm long, bowl-shaped or sub-campanulate, shortly spreading pubescent; lobes 1-2 mm long, broadly ovate, somewhat acute or obtuse, in fruit enlarged and strongly thickened. Corolla white, ± pink tinged, in bud purple gradually changing to greenish-pink with a dark stripe on the back of each lobe, moderately thick, rotate-campanulate; limb 14-18 mm across; lobes 6-9 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely ciliolate, reflexed. Stamen filaments 1-1.5 mm long; anthers 4.5-5 mm long, oblong in outline, the connective strongly thickened, dorsally callous or gibbous along the length of the anther. Ovary 1-1.5 mm long, conical, ± glabrous; style 5-7 mm long. Fruit yellow to red or purple, 3-5.5 (or more) cm long, ovoid or slightly ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, somewhat acid, edible, the dissepiment moderately thick, with fleshy, sub-reniform placentas adnate to the middle. Seeds yellowish, 4-5 x 3-4 mm, obovate or elliptic in outline or ± reniform.
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Small, malodorous tree, pubescent with simple glandular hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate at base with the lobes overlapping; lamina of the lower and juvenile ones to 35 cm long, 30 cm wide, others commonly c. 15 cm long, 12 cm wide, entire; petiole 5–15 cm long. Inflorescence pendulous, cyme-like; pedicels 10–20 mm long. Calyx c. 5 mm long, the lobes broad, rounded. Corolla c. 20 mm diam., pink, fleshy, scented. Filaments c. 2 mm long; anthers 4–5 mm long, the connective broad and thick. Ovary bluntly conical; style 5–6 mm long, stout. Berry ovoid, 5–7 cm long, dark red, dull. Seeds disc-shaped, 3.5–4 mm diam. with wing 0.25 mm wide, pale reddish brown.
Leaves solitary or rarely geminate; petiole 1.5–11.5 cm long, initially clasping at the base; lamina somewhat fleshy or sub-coriaceous, 4>i>–36 × 1.5>i>–27 cm, cordate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate and often unequal-sided, apex acute or obtuse, often ± acuminate, entire to slightly 3-lobed (elsewhere sometimes pinnatisect), densely ciliate, finely pubescent, paler and sometimes sub-velvety beneath, with 3–8 pairs of lateral nerves.
Corolla white, ± pink tinged, in bud purple gradually changing to greenish-pink with a dark stripe on the back of each lobe, moderately thick, rotate-campanulate; limb 14>i>–18 mm across; lobes 6>i>–9 mm long, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, densely ciliolate, reflexed.
Fruit yellow to red or purple, 3>i>–5.5 (or more) cm long, ovoid or slightly ellipsoid, smooth, glabrous, somewhat acid, edible, the dissepiment moderately thick, with fleshy, sub-reniform placentas adnate to the middle.
Shrub or small tree, up to 6(7) m high, usually covered with small white, sub-circular or linear spots, somewhat softly and shortly pubescent with simple hairs and papillose glandular hairs to ± glabrous.
Calyx 3.5>i>–4.5 mm long, bowl-shaped or sub-campanulate, shortly spreading pubescent; lobes 1>i>–2 mm long, broadly ovate, somewhat acute or obtuse, in fruit enlarged and strongly thickened.
Stamen filaments 1>i>–1.5 mm long; anthers 4.5>i>–5 mm long, oblong in outline, the connective strongly thickened, dorsally callous or gibbous along the length of the anther.
Cymes ± axillary or supra-axillary, nodding or pendulous, 2>i>–13 cm long, simple or 2>i>–3 times branched, ± densely spreading pubescent.
Flowers fragrant; pedicels 7>i>–12 mm long, slender, thickened upwards; in fruit much elongated and thicker.
Seeds yellowish, 4>i>–5 × 3>i>–4 mm, obovate or elliptic in outline or ± reniform.
Ovary 1>i>–1.5 mm long, conical, ± glabrous; style 5>i>–7 mm long.
A shrub. The commonly used same is Cyphomandra betacea
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 2.0
Mature height (meter) 4.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Dry soils at forest margins. Open forests at medium to high elevations.
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Dry soils at forest margins. Open forests at medium to high elevations.
It is a subtropical plant.
Found in rainforest.
Light 5-9
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 2-5
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-10

Usage

The fruit are cooked as a vegetable of used to make chutney.
Uses dye food gene source medicinal
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Antifungal agents (fruit), Anti-infective agents (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -7
Optimum temperature (C°) 16 - 22
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Solanum betaceum habit picture by Émile Maurice (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Solanum betaceum leaf picture by F Beran (cc-by-sa)
Solanum betaceum leaf picture by Danny Hubbard (cc-by-sa)
Solanum betaceum leaf picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Solanum betaceum fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)
Solanum betaceum fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)
Solanum betaceum fruit picture by Hugo SANTACREU (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Solanum betaceum world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Cameroon, Colombia, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cayman Islands, Ecuador, Ethiopia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ghana, Guatemala, Guam, Indonesia, India, Italy, Jamaica, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Martinique, Mauritius, Malawi, Niue, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-0001026534
COL ID 4XZPN
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 455316
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Cyphomandra betacea Cyphomandra crassifolia Cyphomandra crassifolia Pionandra betacea Solanum crassifolium Cyphomandra procera Solanum insigne Solanum obliquum Cyphomandra betacea var. betacea Solanum betaceum