Solanum dulcamara L.

Bittersweet, woody nightshade (en), Morelle douce-amère (fr), Bronde (fr), Douce amère (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Solanales > Solanaceae > Solanum

Characteristics

Unarmed, scrambling or sprawling perennial, glabrous or with simple hairs; stems to 2.5-(4) m long, somewhat woody towards base; lenticels prominently raised. Petioles to c. 7 cm long. Lamina 4-12 × 2-8 cm, ovate or broadly ovate, entire or with 1-2-(4) basal lobes or leaflets, usually with simple hairs, these sometimes dense; base generally subcordate when lamina entire; apex acute to acuminate. Cymes simple and ± umbellate or in loose panicles; rachis 2-9-(13) cm long, ± hairy; pedicels < rachis, prominent and becoming recurved at fruiting, hairy or glabrous; fls usually 10-25. Calyx 2-3 mm long, divided nearly to base, accrescent; lobes broad-triangular and very shallow, usually covered with short ± appressed hairs, rarely glabrous. Corolla 10-15 mm diam., lobed nearly to base, usually purple, rarely nearly white; lobes narrow-triangular, becoming recurved, ± hairy, especially at margins. Anthers 4-5 mm long. Berry 0.8-1.5 cm diam., oblong-ovoid to almost globose, scarlet, shining; stone cells 0. Seeds 2-3 mm diam., orbicular or suborbicular.
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Vines perennial, herbaceous, unarmed, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves unequal paired, sometimes compound with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets proximal to main leaflet; petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade elliptic or ovate-hastate, 4-11 × 2-8 cm, sparsely pubescent, base hastate or with 1 or rarely 2 lobes, margin entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences extra-axillary, lax, open, many-flowered panicles; peduncle 1-3 cm, branched. Pedicel 5-12 mm, sparsely pubescent. Calyx 1.5-2 × 2-3 mm; lobes deltate, sparsely pubescent. Corolla purple, usually with a yellow eye, 5-8 mm; lobes elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm. Filaments ca. 0.5 mm; anthers connate, 2-3.5 mm. Style slender, ca. 5.5 mm. Berry red, globose or ovoid, 6-8 mm in diam. Seeds discoid, 1.5-2 mm in diam. Fl. summer, fr. autumn.
Rhizomatous perennial, shrubby below, climbing or scrambling to 1–3 m, moderately short-hairy to glabrous; lvs petiolate, some simple and with rather broadly ovate-subcordate blade 2.5–8 × 1.5–5 cm, others with a pair of smaller basal lobes or lfls; peduncles 1.5–4 cm, 10–25-fld, the infl 3–8 cm wide, jointed, bractless, often subdichotomously branched; cor light blue or violet, the lobes 5–9 mm (each with 2 shiny green basal spots), soon reflexed; anthers conspicuous, yellow; fr poisonous, bright red, 8–11 mm; 2n=24, 48, 72. Thickets, clearings, and open woods, often in moist soil; native of Eurasia, naturalized throughout our range.
Scrambling perennial shrub, green, slightly to densely pubescent with glandular or simple, non-glandular hairs; prickles absent. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate; lamina 5.5–8 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, concolorous, entire or upper leaves lobed at base; petiole to 15 mm long. Inflorescence branched, to 20–flowered; peduncle up to 3 cm long to first fork; pedicels 5–10 mm long. Calyx 2–3 mm long; lobes short. Corolla stellate, 10–12 mm diam., bluish. Anthers 4–4.5 mm long. Berry ovoid, 5–8 mm diam., bright red. Seeds 2 mm long, pale straw-coloured.
A climbing shrub.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread endozoochory
Mature width (meter) 1.75
Mature height (meter) 2.0 - 2.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Hedgerows and woody areas, avoiding acid soils. Also found on moist banks by the edges of swamps.
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It is a temperate plant.
Light 5-8
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

Uses material medicinal poison
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Antirheumatic agents (fruit), Cathartics (fruit), Diuretics (fruit), Hepatomegaly (fruit), Psoriasis (fruit), General tonic for rejuvenation (fruit), Skin diseases (fruit), Syphilis (fruit), Diaphoretic (fruit), Febrifuge (root), Antiemetic (root), Antifungal agents (root), Antirheumatic agents (root), Astringents (root), Expectorants (root), Antifungal agents (stem), Anti-inflammatory agents (stem), Antirheumatic agents (stem), Astringents (stem), Bronchitis (stem), Diuretics (stem), Eczema (stem), Exanthema (stem), Expectorants (stem), Hypnotics and sedatives (stem), Narcotics (stem), Tuberculosis, lymph node (stem), Dermatological Aid (unspecified), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Anaphrodisiac (unspecified), Bronchitis (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Excrescence (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Hypnotic (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Narcotic (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Resolvent (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Sedative (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Tumor(Breast) (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Antidote (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Anodyne (unspecified), Cardiotonic (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Fatality (unspecified), Tumor(Lung) (unspecified), Anti-inflammatory agents (unspecified), Skin diseases (unspecified)
Human toxicity strong toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity strong toxic (whole)

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 13 - 16
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -15
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Solanum dulcamara habit picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara habit picture by Jean-Marie Frenoux (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara habit picture by David Hocken (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Solanum dulcamara leaf picture by David Nabergoj (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara leaf picture by Stijn Vranckx (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara leaf picture by gilles duriez (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Solanum dulcamara flower picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara flower picture by Jean-René Girardeau (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara flower picture by Pierre LEON (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Solanum dulcamara fruit picture by Thomas Thomas Kasten (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara fruit picture by Sherburn Daniel (cc-by-sa)
Solanum dulcamara fruit picture by ainhoa (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Solanum dulcamara world distribution map, present in Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Belarus, Canada, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Algeria, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Georgia, Croatia, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Morocco, Malta, Myanmar, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77193680-1
WFO ID wfo-0001027661
COL ID 4Y2BH
BDTFX ID 64869
INPN ID 124034
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Dulcamara flexuosa f. violacea Solanum dulcamara f. assimile Solanum dulcamara f. hastiifolia Solanum dulcamara f. persicum Solanum dulcamara f. pubescens Solanum dulcamara f. subglabrum Dulcamara flexuosa var. violacea Dulcamara lignosa Solanum assimile Solanum borealisinense Solanum depilatum Solanum laxum Solanum littorale Solanum macrocarpum Solanum macrocarpum Solanum marinum Solanum megacarpum Solanum pseudopersicum Solanum rupestre Solanum dulcamara subvar. villosissimum Lycopersicon dulcamara Solanum asiae-mediae Solanum dulcamara Solanum dulcamara var. assimile Solanum dulcamara var. atroviolaceum Solanum dulcamara var. hastiifolia Solanum dulcamara var. littorale Solanum dulcamara var. persicum Solanum dulcamara var. pubescens Solanum dulcamara subg. Kuntze Solanum dulcamarum Solanum gracilescens Solanum kieseritzkii Solanum lignosum Solanum maximowiczii Solanum dulcamara f. albiflorum Solanum dulcamara f. albiflorum Solanum scandens Solanum ruderale Solanum rupestre Dulcamara flexuosa var. cordata Dulcamara flexuosa var. hastiifolia Dulcamara flexuosa var. ovata Solanum dulcamara subsp. pusztarum Solanum dulcamara var. albiflora Solanum dulcamara var. album Solanum dulcamara var. alpinum Solanum dulcamara var. canescens Solanum dulcamara var. carneum Solanum dulcamara var. cordatum Solanum dulcamara var. cordifolium Solanum dulcamara var. hirsutum Solanum dulcamara var. integrifolia Solanum dulcamara var. ovatum Solanum dulcamara var. ovatum Solanum dulcamara var. palustre Solanum dulcamara var. persicum Solanum dulcamara var. persicum Solanum dulcamara var. plenum Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum Solanum dulcamara var. rupestre Solanum dulcamara var. tomentosum Solanum dulcamara var. variegatum Solanum dulcamara var. villosissimum Solanum dulcamara var. violaceum Solanum nipponense var. macrocarpum Solanum persicum subsp. pseudopersicum Solanum dulcamara var. laciniatum Solanum dulcamara var. macrocarpum Solanum dulcamara var. macrocarpum Solanum dulcamara var. marinum Solanum dulcamara var. tomentosum Solanum dulcamara f. lucidum Solanum dulcamara var. ovatum Solanum dulcamara var. hirsutum Solanum dulcamara var. indivisum Solanum dulcamara subsp. ovatum