Solanum giganteum Jacq.

Species

Angiosperms > Solanales > Solanaceae > Solanum

Characteristics

Short-lived, soft-wooded, much-branched undershrub, shrub or sometimes a small tree, up to 6 m high; sympodia plurifoliate. Hairs stellate, white, very fine, floccose, ± sessile, regular, with many short rays. Prickles stout, straight or slightly curved, ± flat and triangular, 1-5 mm long, often white hairy in lower half. Branches white-tomentose, prickles scattered, sometimes quite unarmed, sometimes ± glabrescent. Leaves usually closely set at ends of branches, evergreen, rarely drought deciduous; petiole white-tomentose, 10-85 mm long; stem leaves sometimes bearing 1 or 2 leaf-like, elliptic to obovate pseudostipules at base, 10-40 x 5-20 mm; lamina membranous, elliptic to broadly ovate, obovate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 50-250 x 20-100 mm, apex usually ± acuminate, base cuneate to sub-rounded, narrowing to petiole and ± unequal-sided, softly textured, markedly discolorous, at first velvety whitish silver-tomentose on both surfaces, soon glabrescent and dark green shiny above, persistently tomentose and rarely with 1 or 2 short prickles beneath, with 9-12 pairs of closely pinnate lateral nerves; margin entire or ± repand-sinuate. Cymes terminal or subterminal, becoming lateral, 45-100 mm long, corymbiform to ± paniculiform, dense, 20 to > 60-flowered, densely white-tomentose, sometimes ± glabrescent in fruit; peduncle 15-45 mm long: flowers and fruit often found on same plant, even in one inflorescence. Flowers faintly scented, (4)5(6)-merous, ± nodding; pedicels 5-20 mm long, slender, reflexed in flower, in fruit elongated up to 25 mm, ± thickened, erect. Calyx 4-6 mm long, campanulate or cyathiform, in fruit saucer-shaped, densely white-tomentose outside, unarmed, ± accrescent; lobes lanceolate-triangular to deltate or ovate-triangular, 14 x 1-2 mm, obtuse or acute, sometimes ± acuminate. Corolla mauve to blue or purple, rarely white, midvein of each lobe green, rotate; limb 10-16 mm across; lobes lanceolate to oblong, 5-7 mm long, acute to acuminate, tomentose outside, few stellate hairs on midvein and near apex inside, widely spreading to reflexed. Stamens yellow; filaments ± 0.5 mm long; anthers 2-4 mm long, linear or lanceolate-elliptic in outline, with small terminal pores, ± incurved. Ovary ± globose, ± 1 mm diam., mostly glabrous; style 5-8 mm long, exceeding stamens, straight or ± curved at apex, mostly glabrous. Fruits often numerous, ± globose, 5-10 mm diam., smooth, glossy, green ripening through orange to bright red, finally purplish red. Seeds numerous, compressed, obliquely reniform to suborbicular in outline, 2.5-3.8 x 2-3 mm, shallowly reticulate, straw-coloured to ± whitish.
More
Leaves mostly rather closely set at ends of branches, rarely drought deciduous; petiole 1–8.5 cm long, sometimes bearing 1–2 leaf-like, elliptic, ovate or obovate pseudostipules 1–3.5(5) × 0.5–1.8 cm at the base; lamina membranous, 5–30(37.5) × (1.5)2–11(15) cm, elliptic to broadly ovate or lanceolate, sometimes obovate or oblanceolate, base cuneate to sub-rounded, narrowing to the petiole and subequal-to unequal-sided, apex usually ± acuminate, entire or slightly repand-sinuate, markedly discolorous, at first nearly snow-white tomentose on both surfaces, soon glabrescent and dark shiny above, persistently tomentellous and rarely with 1–2 short prickles beneath, with (7)9–12(14) pairs of lateral nerves.
Shrub, small tree, up to 6 m high; most parts whitish stellate-hairy. Prickles 0-several, 1-5 mm long, stout, ± straight, flat, triangular. Stems hairy to glabrescent. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate, velvety white-tomentose both sides, above soon ± glabrous, shiny dark green. Inflorescence up to 100 mm long, hairy to glabrescent; peduncle up to 45 mm long; pedicels 5-20 mm long. Calyx 4-6 mm long, lobes up to 4 mm long, ± triangular. Corolla rotate, up to 16 mm in diam., lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm long, mauve to purple. Flowering time Oct.-Apr. Fruit many, globose, 5-10 mm in diam., smooth, shiny, red to purple. Seeds many, reniform, flat, up to 4 mm long, white.
A shrub or small tree. It grows 3-5 m tall. The bark is pale grey to brown. The small branches are covered with thick white woolly hairs. There are also short straight prickles about 5 mm long. The leaves are oval and alternate. They are 23 cm long by 9 cm wide. They are dark green above and have dense white woolly hairs underneath. The leaf stalk is 2.5 cm long. The flowers are white to violet. They are 10 mm across. The occur in heads made up of many flowers and these are at the ends of branches. The fruit are almost round and fleshy. They are 10 mm across. They are bright red when ripe. These are in dense heads up to 20 cm across. The fruit are edible.
Shrub or small tree, up to 4 m high; much-branched stems and peduncles white-woolly. Spines straight. Leaves petiolate; blade elliptic to obovate, 70-300 x 40-90 mm, apex acute, base cuneate, margins entire, upper surface dark green, lower densely white-woolly; petioles up to 25 mm long. Flowers: in terminal, stout, branched heads; corolla ± 10 mm in diameter, white to purple; Nov.-Apr. Fruit an orange to red berry, up to 10 mm in diameter.
Short-lived, softly woody under shrub, shrub or sometimes a small tree, up to 5(8) m high; sympodia plurifoliate; hairs stellate, white (ageing greyish or yellowish in herbaria), very fine (c. 0.1–0.2 mm across), floccose, ± sessile, regular, with many short rays; prickles 1–5 mm long, straight or slightly curved, laterally ± compressed, often hairy from the base to above the middle.
Corolla pale blue to lilac or violet-purple, rarely white, the midvein of each lobe green, stelliform; limb (8)12–15(18) mm across; lobes (3)5–7(8) × (1.3)2–3(3.5) mm, lanceolate to oblong, acute to acuminate, tomentose outside, with a few stellate hairs on the midvein and near the apex inside, widely spreading to reflexed.
Calyx 4–6 mm long, campanulate or cyathiform, in fruit saucer-shaped, tomentose, unarmed, somewhat accrescent; lobes 1–4 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate-triangular to deltate or ovate-triangular, occasionally ovate-cuneate, obtuse or acute, sometimes ± acuminate.
Ovary c. 1 mm in diameter, ± globose, glabrous except for few, minute, sub-apical glands; style 5–7(8) mm long, exceeding the stamens, straight or slightly curved at the apex, glabrous or with a few minute glands from the base to above the middle.
Cymes towards the ends of the branches, becoming lateral, 4.5–10 cm long, corymbiform to ± paniculiform, dense, many-flowered, densely whitish tomentose, sometimes ± glabrescent in fruit; peduncle 1.5–4(5.5) cm long, sometimes ± armed.
Tree, up to 4 m high. Branches spiny. Spines short, conical and broad-based. Leaves entire, discolorous, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath. Inflorescence terminal. Corolla 10 mm in diameter. Fruits red. Flowers violet-purple.
Shrub or small tree to 3 m; white-woolly on young parts; spines to 4 mm long, stout. Leaves elliptic, white-woolly beneath, to 15 cm long. Flowers crowded in terminal corymbs, mauve to purple, 6 mm diam. Berries red, to 8 mm diam.
Seeds numerous, straw-coloured to ± whitish, 2.5–3.8 × 2–3 mm, compressed, obliquely reniform, obovate, elliptic or suborbicular in outline, shallowly reticulate.
Flowers faintly scented, (4)5(6)-merous, ± nodding; pedicels 0.5–2 cm long, slender, in fruit elongated to 2.5 cm, ± thickened, erect.
Stamen filaments 0.2–0.6(1) mm long; anthers 2–4 mm long, linear or lanceolate-elliptic in outline, not very incurved.
Branches whitish tomentose, with scattered prickles, sometimes quite unarmed on late growth, sometimes ± glabrescent.
Fruits often numerous, shiny red when ripe, finally deep red, (5)6–8(10) mm in diameter, ± globose, appearing edible.
White tomentum on all parts, except the surfaces of the leaves
A shrub or tree up to 25 ft. high
Flowers violet-purple.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 4.0 - 4.5
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in woodland and often in deep shade in forest clearings. It grows from sea level to 1,650 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 10-12.
More
Forest edges, riverine forest and among rocks on granite outcrops; at elevations from sea level to 1,650 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity 7-9
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The fruit are used to curdle milk. The fruit are also eaten cooked in soups.
Uses environmental use food material medicinal
Edible fruits seeds
Therapeutic use Hypotension (leaf), Parasympatholytics (leaf), Throat (unspecified), Sore (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by cuttings or seedlings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 15 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 21 - 26
Germination luminosity light
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Solanum giganteum habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Solanum giganteum leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Solanum giganteum world distribution map, present in Cameroon, Congo, Spain, Ethiopia, Gabon, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Sudan, eSwatini, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, South Africa, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Solanum giganteum threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID -
WFO ID wfo-0001028109
COL ID 4Y2JZ
BDTFX ID 168485
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Solanum argenteum Solanum bequaertii Solanum giganteum Solanum niveum Solanum sordidescens Solanum farinaceum Solanum farinosum Solanum farinosum Solanum mildbraedii Solanum nilghiry Solanum seretii Solanum muansense subsp. mildbraedii Solanum giganteum var. longifolium Solanum giganteum var. tenuifolium