Sonneratia alba Sm.

Species

Angiosperms > Myrtales > Lythraceae > Sonneratia

Characteristics

Tree, 3-15(-20) m high, with many breathing roots (these, on the whole, less robust than those of S. caseolaris) and a broad, rather lax crown. Leaves emucronate, obovate or oval from a cuneate base, broadly rounded at the top, often emarginate, 5-12½ by 3-9 cm, rather thickly coriaceous, on either side of the rather strong midrib with 11-14 widely patent, very thin, sometimes hardly con-spicuous lateral nerves; petiole stout, flattened on the anterior side, 3-10 mm. Flowerbuds oblong, narrowed at base and apex, 2-3 times as long as broad. Flowers solitary or 3 together, 6-7-(8)-merous. Calyx in flower 3-3½ cm long; tube ob-conical or campanulate from a contracted base, distinctly angular, angles as many as segments and alternating with them; segments ovate-oblong, usually conspicuously shorter than the rest of the calyx, 1½-2 cm long, outside green, inside red, during anthesis more or less erect, under the ripe berry entirely reflexed. Petals in young flowers always present but very inconspicuous, strikingly resembling the filaments, 13-20 by½-1 ¼ mm, white or in the lower half more or less tinged with red. Filaments white. Ovary 14-18-celled. Tube of fruiting calyx conspicuously obconical-turbinate, 1½-2 cm high. Ripe berry ± 3 cm high, ± 4 cm broad.
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An evergreen shrub or usually a small tree, 3–15(–20) m. tall, with many stout finger-like pneumatophores and spreading branches; bark dark grey or greyish-brown, rough and fissured.. Leaf-blades yellow-green, obovate, oval, or almost round, 3.8–12.5 cm. long, 1.7–9 cm. wide, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate at the base; lateral nerves 11–14 on either side of the prominent midrib; petiole stout, 3–15 mm. long.. Flowers scented, solitary or 3 together at apices of the shoots.. Buds oblong, narrowed at base and apex.. Calyx green, 2.6–3.5 cm. long; tube campanulate, angular, the angles alternating with the calyx-lobes; lobes 6–8, magenta-pink inside, green outside, shorter or longer than the tube, 1.2–2 cm. long and 4.5–9(–12) mm. wide, at first more or less erect, later reflexed in fruit.. Petals white or tinged with magenta-pink, soon deciduous, strap-shaped, inconspicuous and closely resembling the filaments, 13–20 mm. long and 0.5–1.25 mm. wide.. Stamens numerous, the filaments showy, white, inflexed in bud.. Ovary 14–18-locular; style green, 4.5–5.9 cm. long; stigma capitate, 2.5–3 mm. wide.. Fruit obconic-turbinate, 2.3–3 cm. long and 3.1–4 cm. wide, green, crowned by the style base.. Ripe seeds not seen.. Fig. 1.
Trees, 3-15(-30) m tall, spreading, with broad, rather lax crown. Pneumatophores 30(-100) cm, thick, blunt. Petiole 5-15 mm; leaf blade adaxially pale, elliptic to ovate or obovate, 5-11 × 4-8 cm, base rounded, apex broad, rounded, with broad recurved mucro. Flowers 5-8-merous. Floral tube shiny, 3-3.5 cm at anthesis, smooth, often 6-ribbed; sepals adaxially strongly tinged red, 1.3-2 cm, ± erect at anthesis, recurved in fruit. Petals white, linear, 1.3-2 cm × ca. 1 mm, or variably semipetalous to absent. Staminal filaments white. Fruit 2-4.5 cm in diam., ca. equal to width of floral tube. Seeds falcate. Fl. common Oct-Nov, fr. ca. Feb. 2n = 22, 24.
Tree 3–20 m high. Leaves: lamina obovate, ovate or orbicular, 5–11 cm long, rounded with broad tip reflexed; petiole 5–15 mm long. Inflorescence 1–5-flowered. Flowers usually 5–8-merous. Sepals ovate-triangular, 1.5–2 cm long, ±erect in flower, recurved in fruit, green and smooth outside, often red inside. Hypanthium cup-shaped, sometimes ribbed. Petals present or absent, linear, 1.5–3 cm long, 0.5–2 mm wide, mostly white. Stamens 1.5–4.5 cm long; filaments white. Ovary half-inferior with 12–20 carpels; style 2.5–4.5 cm long. Fruit 2–4.5 cm diam., c. equal to hypanthium width; hypanthium cup-shaped, 1.5–2 cm high. Seeds sickle-shaped.
A large tree. It grows 26-40 m high. The trunk can be 70-175 cm across. The bark is dark grey. The trunk is swollen at the base and with aerial roots. The leaves are thick and leathery, rounded at the tip and 6 to 12 cm long by 3-9 cm wide. They are nearly as wide as long. The outer ring of sepals is green and leathery. The petals are white and narrow and fall off early. The fruit are hard, rounded and pushed down at the tip. They are 3 to 4 cm across and contain many seeds.
Leaf-lamina 3–12.5 × 1.7–9 cm., obovate-circular to broadly obovate-elliptic or sometimes elliptic, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate at the base, somewhat waved at the margin, coriaceous, yellow-green; midrib impressed above, prominent beneath, with 11–14 pairs of lateral nerves; petiole stout, 3–15 mm. long.
Calyx-tube c. 1.5 cm. long, thick, campanulate, angular, the angles alternating with the 6–8 lobes; lobes reddish inside, green outside, 12–20 × 6–9 mm., lanceolate, erect in the flower, ± reflexed in fruit.
Old branches covered with a dark-grey or greyish-brown rough and fissured bark, the young ones terete, swollen at the nodes.
An evergreen mangrove shrub or tree, 3–15 m. tall, with spreading branches and many thick finger-like pneumatophores.
Stamens 8, the filaments up to 3.5 cm. long, inflexed in bud; anthers c. 1.5 mm. long.
Petals 13–20 × 0.5–1.25 mm., ligulate, white or dorsally tinged with pink, caducous.
Fruit c. 3.8 cm. in diam., surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx.
Flowers odoriferous, rather large, 1–3 together, terminal.
Ovary 14–18-locular; style 4.5–6.5 cm. long.
Bud ellipsoid, c. 3 × 2 cm.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 3.0 - 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Shallow parts of calm seas and seashores, tidal creeks. Prefers salt water and grows as well on a sandy or rocky as on a muddy soil, not rarely on coral-terraces. Requires a tidal range of at least one metre.
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Shallow parts of calm seas, seashores, along the mouth of tidal creeks. Prefers salt water and grows as well on a sandy or rocky as on a muddy soil, not rarely on coral-terraces.
A tropical plant. They are found along the outer part of the swamp and often occur even on exposed reefs throughout the Philippines. They grow on seashores and tidal creeks.
Grows in salt water in sand, rock or mud in mangrove communities.
Light -
Soil humidity 10-12
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses. In the Minahasa (NE. Celebes) the wood is valued for ship-and house-building (under the roof). Elsewhere it is only used as fire-wood or not used at all.
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The ripe fruit are eaten raw or cooked. They are also used to flavour fish. The leaves are eaten raw or cooked. The nectar of the flowers is eaten.
Uses animal food dye environmental use food fuel gene source material medicinal social use timber wood
Edible fruits leaves
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Sonneratia alba habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Sonneratia alba leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Sonneratia alba leaf picture by Gaby Goetz (cc-by-sa)
Sonneratia alba leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Sonneratia alba flower picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Sonneratia alba fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Sonneratia alba world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Cayman Islands, Spain, Micronesia (Federated States of), Indonesia, India, Iceland, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Malaysia, Mayotte, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Seychelles, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, United States of America, Viet Nam, Vanuatu, and South Africa

Conservation status

Sonneratia alba threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554265-1
WFO ID wfo-0001140430
COL ID 4Y9T7
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 673612
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Sonneratia pagatpat Blatti alba Sonneratia mossambicensis Sonneratia iriomotensis Blatti pagatpat Sonneratia alba