Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.

African tuliptree (en), Tulipier du Gabon (fr), Tulipier d'Afrique (fr), Bâton du sorcier (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Bignoniaceae > Spathodea

Characteristics

Arbre haut de 25 m au moins et d'un diamètre de 50 cm. Feuilles imparipennées, habituellement à 9-15 folioles, folioles ± elliptiques, aiguës à acuminées, asymétriquement subtronquées ou largement cunéiformes basalement, 3-16 x 1.5-9 cm, complètement glabres à densément pubérulentes dessous, habituellement pubérulentes au moins le long des nervures principales, subsessiles ou pétiolulées, longues jusqu'à 3 mm. Inflorescences en racème terminal. Pédicelles le plus souvent longs de 4 cm environ, les inférieurs plus longs et incurvés vers le haut pour donner un aspect de sommet aplati. Fleurs avec un calice spathacé, s'effilant en une pointe recourbée qui s'infléchit loin de la corolle, long de 4-5.5 cm, pubérulent à velu, parfois avec quelques rides saillantes longitudinales. Corolle glabre rouge-orange avec un bord jaune, largement campanulée au-dessus d'une base cylindrique, de grande taille, 8-15 x 4.5-7 cm à l'embouchure du tube; tube long de 6-8 cm; lobes longs de 8.5-10 cm. Étamines 4, subexsertes, maintenues contre le fond du tube; thèques des anthères divariquées, minces, longues de 7-8 mm. Pistil long de 6-7 cm, ovaire étroitement oblong, long de 4-5 mm, large de 2-2.5 mm, très finement papilleux; ovules mutisériés dans chaque loge. Disque cupulaire, long de 2-3 mm, large de 4-5 mm. Capsule étroitement oblongue-elliptique, rétrécie aux extrémités, 17-27 x 3.5-7 cm, déhiscente de chaque côté; valves naviculaires. Graines longues de 1.5 cm environ, et larges de 2 cm, minces, ailées, ailes larges et hyalines membraneuses, fortement démarquées, entourant complètement le corps minuscule cordiforme de la graine.
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Evergreen tree to 15 (–25) m high, often with buttressed trunk or multistemmed; bark deeply fissured. Leaves opposite, pinnate, to 50 cm long; leaflets (3–) 9–19, ovate-lanceolate or ± elliptic, 4–12 (–15) cm long, 2.5–8 cm wide, cuneate base, entire margin, acuminate apex, sparsely puberulent, with 2 or 3 pale domed glands on the underside towards the base close to the junction with the leaflet stalk; lateral petiolules 2–4 mm long; rachis with brownish hairs; petiole to 6 (–7.5) cm long. Flowers in terminal ± flat-topped clusters, hairy at first, with brownish-hairy pedicels. Calyx spathe-like, 4–7 cm long, leathery, split on one side, bent back, brown/rusty appressed-pubescent on outer surface, glabrous on inner surface. Corolla campanulate (bell-shaped) and abruptly narrowed at the base (somewhat tulip-shaped), 9–13 cm long, orange to blood red/scarlet, slightly 2-lipped, swollen on one side, the lobes 2–3 cm long, crisped (the frilly-crinkled margin often yellowish). Stamens 4, sometimes slightly protruding. Capsule oblong-linear, somewhat flattened, 15–25 (–30) cm long, 3.5–5 cm wide, woody; seeds numerous, flat, with membranous, hyaline marginal wing, c. (1–) 2 × 2.7 cm (including surrounding wing).
Tree to at least 25 m tall and 40 cm d.b.h. Leaves imparipinnate, usually 9-15-foliolate, the leaflets more or less elliptic, acute to acuminate, asymmetrically subtruncate or widely cuneate basally, subsessile, slightly puberulous along main veins. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, the lower pedicels longer and curving upward to give a flat-topped effect. Flowers with the calyx spathaceous taper-ing to a recurved point which bends away from the corolla, 4.5-5 cm long; corolla red-orange with a yellow border, broadly campanulate above a cylindrical base, large, 8.5-9.0 cm long and 4.5-5.0 cm wide at the mouth, the tube 6-6.5 cm long, the lobes 1.5-2 cm long, glabrous; stamens 4, subexserted, held against the floor of the tube, the anther thecae divaricate, slender, 8 mm long; ovary narrowly oblong, minutely papillate, the ovules m-ulti-seriate in each locule.
A tree. It grows 25-30 m high. The bark is light grey. It forms buttresses. Leaves are opposite. The branches are rather short. In moist climates it may keep its leaves and in dry climates it may shed its leaves for a short time. The leaves are compound and divided into an odd number of leaflets. There are 9-19 pairs + one. The leaflets are oval and sword shaped. They have a long point. They are 5-10 cm long by 4-8 cm wide. The flower buds are velvety brown. They are in cone like masses at the ends of branches. The flowers are large and scarlet red. The flowers are wide and bell shaped. The fruit is a long, pointed woody pod. It is 20 cm long. It contains many winged seeds.
Large tree, 7-25 m, 10-50 cm Ø. Pseudostipules leafy. Leaves decussate; leaflets in (4-)5-6(-9) pairs, oblong, entire, glabrous or puberulous beneath, 5-14 by 2½-5½ cm. Flowers erect, in terminal thyrses; calyx navicular, ribbed, beaked, thinly velutinous, 4-7 cm; corolla scarlet to orange, wide, 8-14 cm. Capsules erect, lanceolate-oblong, 15-20 by 2½-3cm; valves keeled; seeds 2l/2 by 2 cm, hyaline winged.
Conspicuous flaming inflorescences, flowers scarlet or orange-red yellow margin
A tree 20-70 ft. high
Life form
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 12.5 - 25.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Recorded, often as a garden escape in disturbed and weedy sites, from wet margin of a lake, banks of waterways, gullies, wetlands, rainforest, riverine forest/riparian vegetation, eucalypt woodland and open forest, roadsides; favours wetter habitats.
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A tropical plant. It grows naturally in tropical Africa. It has been spread to all parts of the tropics. In Nigeria it grows up to 900 m above sea level. It grows in forest along river banks. It suits plant hardiness zones 11-12. In XTBG Yunnan.
Dry and humid forests and dry scrubland. secondary forests in the high forest zone and in deciduous, transition, and savannah forests at elevations up to 2,000 metres.
Habitat mainly fringing forests.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-2
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-11

Usage

Widely grown in the tropics for the broad canopy and spectacular blossoms as a street tree and specimen tree in parks and large gardens and popular in coastal areas of Australia from northern New South Wales northwards (Spencer 2002). Has environmental and social uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for fuel and food (Spathodea campanulata in Plants of the World Online, accessed 4 September 2022).
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The seeds are eaten. CAUTION: The fruit are boiled to extract juice used in arrow poison. The flower buds have a sweet watery liquid used as a tonic.
Uses animal food charcoal environmental use fodder food fuel gene source material medicinal ornamental poison social use timber wood
Edible flowers seeds
Therapeutic use Antiprotozoal agents (bark), Diabetes mellitus (bark), Dysentery (bark), Enema (bark), Gastrointestinal diseases (bark), Kidney diseases (bark), Malaria (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Ulcer (bark), Anti-inflammatory agents (fruit), Antioxidants (fruit), Diabetes mellitus (fruit), Malaria (fruit), Ulcer (fruit), Wound healing (fruit), Anti-inflammatory agents (leaf), Antioxidants (leaf), Diabetes mellitus (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Gastrointestinal diseases (leaf), Kidney diseases (leaf), Malaria (leaf), Ointments (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Urethritis (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Anti-inflammatory agents (root), Antioxidants (root), Diabetes mellitus (root), Malaria (root), Ulcer (root), Wound healing (root), Anti-inflammatory agents (stem), Antioxidants (stem), Diabetes mellitus (stem), Malaria (stem), Ulcer (stem), Wound healing (stem), Ache(Back) (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Gastritis (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Guineaworms (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Urethritis (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Enteritis (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Stomach (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Edema (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Fever (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. It also forms suckers. It can be grown from softwood cuttings or suckers.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) 1
Optimum temperature (C°) 27 - 30
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Spathodea campanulata habit picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata habit picture by William Gustave (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata habit picture by Xavier M (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Spathodea campanulata leaf picture by Damian de Jesús Bejar Zapien (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata leaf picture by Mayoge Bukapuka (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata leaf picture by Thierry Valleaux (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Spathodea campanulata flower picture by Val Teo (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata flower picture by sandrine morel (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata flower picture by Virginie G (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Spathodea campanulata fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Spathodea campanulata fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Spathodea campanulata fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Spathodea campanulata world distribution map, present in Australia, Brazil, Panama, Thailand, United States of America, and South Africa

Conservation status

Spathodea campanulata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:110661-1
WFO ID wfo-0000779723
COL ID 99TK2
BDTFX ID 102169
INPN ID 448228
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Spathodea tulipifera Bignonia tulipifera Spathodea nilotica f. bryanii Spathodea danckelmaniana Bignonia tulipifera Spathodea campanulata

Lower taxons

Spathodea campanulata subsp. congolana