Spondias pinnata (L.F.) Kurz

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Anacardiaceae > Spondias

Characteristics

Tree 20-25(-40) m high and 30-50(-150) cm ø, sometimes 35-50 m high and 100-150 cm ø. Buttresses occasionally present. Bark grey, smooth. Leaves (l-)5-6(-8) pairs, glabrous, rachis 5-22 cm, petiole 4½-15½ cm. Leaflets chartaceous to sub-coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, 7-15 by 2½-5cm; base rounded or obtuse, obliquely, abruptly cuneate to attenuate; apex abruptly acuminate; margin crenate or serrate, or entire; nerves 12-25 pairs, joining with an intramarginal vein; veins reticulate; petiolules up to 1 cm, the terminal one up to 2¾ cm. Inflorescences appearing before the leaves or accompanied by very young ones only, paniculate, terminal, rarely also axillary, up to 40 cm long, glabrous, branches up to 15 cm long; floral bracts ovate to linear, 1-3½ mm long. Flowers sessile or subsessile. Calyx lobes triangular, c. ½ mm long. Petals ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 2½-3 by 1-1½ mm. Stamens 1¼-1¾ mm; anthers broadly ovoid, c. ⅔ mm long. Disk shortly cupular, c. 1 mm ø. Ovary subglobose, c. ¾ mm ø, 5-(or 4-)celled; styles 5 (or 4), free, c. ½ mm. Drupe (fresh) ellipsoid, or ellipsoid-oblong, 2¾-5 by 2½-3½ cm, yellow-orange when ripe, straight, 5-(or 4-)celled; scars of styles 5 (or 4), lateral, at the apical end. Flanges of endocarp rather smooth (with some fibrous processes), partly or wholly and directly connected with a peripheral layer of meshes.
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Deciduous trees, 10-15 m tall; branchlets yellowish brown, glabrous. Petiole 10-15 cm, petiole and rachis glabrous; leaf blade 30-40 cm, imparipinnately compound with 5-11 opposite leaflets; leaflet petiolule 3-5 mm; leaflet blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 7-12 × 4-5 cm, papery, glabrous on both sides, base cuneate to rounded, often oblique, margin serrate or entire, apex acuminate, lateral veins 12-25 pairs, slightly impressed adaxially, prominent abaxially, joined with submarginal collecting vein. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, 25-35 cm, glabrous, basal first order branches 10-15 cm. Flower sessile or subsessile, white, glabrous. Calyx lobes triangular, ca. 0.5 mm. Petals ovate-oblong, ca. 2.5 × 1.5 mm, apically acute. Stamens ca. 1.5 mm. Ovary subglobose, ca. 1 mm; styles 4 or 5, free, ca. 0.5 mm. Drupe ellipsoid to elliptic-ovoid, yellowish orange at maturity, 3.5-5 × 2.5-3.5 cm; inner part of endocarp woody and grooved, outer part fibrous; mature fruit usually with 2 or 3 seeds. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Aug-Sep.
A medium sized tree. It grows 15-40 m high. The trunk can be 60-100 cm across. The leaves are 20-60 cm long and made up of several leaflets. The leaves and leaflets are carried alternately. The leaflets are pointed at the tip and rounded at the base. The leaflets are 7 to 14 cm long by 2.5-6 cm wide. There are 5-11 leaflets with a leaflet at the end. The flowers are in a long panicle at the ends of branches. The flowers are greenish-white. The fruit are rounded and yellow with an edible pulp around a fibrous stone. The fruit can be 4-7 cm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 13.5 - 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. It grows in tropical Asia. It grows in secondary semi deciduous forest. In Vietnam it is below 1,000 m altitude. It needs sunlight. It can tolerate drought and grow on poor soils. They are found in forests at low altitude from Luzon to Mindanao in the Philippines. In Nepal it grows between 300-1400 m altitude. It grows in areas with a maximum temperature between 38°-45°C. In XTBG Yunnan.
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Besides in cultivated state, found in primary and mixed forests, also secondary forest, in teak-forest, savannahs, and in dry areas, sometimes on limestone, from the lowland up to 500 m, once at 900 m. Fl. May-Jan.; fr. Febr.-Nov.CORNER recorded the fruit ripening yellow brown to orange brown or greyish brown, smelling of rotting apples.
Besides the cultivated state, the plant is found in primary and mixed forests, also in more open, secondary formations, in teak-forest, savannahs, and in dry areas, sometimes on limestone, at elevations from the lowland up to 500 metres.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The fleshy portion of the ripe fruit is eaten raw. It is sour-sweet. They are also pickled. Seeds are also eaten. The fruit are eaten as a vegetable when green. The young leaves are cooked and eaten. They are used for flavouring. The flowers are sour and eaten raw or used in curries or used as a flavouring. The unripe fruit are used in chutneys, stews, pickles, and jams.
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Uses. According to HEYNE ( HEYNE Nutt. Pl. 1927 975 ) both timber and fruit are of inferior quality. He mentioned also some minor medicinal uses made of different parts of the plant.
Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal ornamental timber wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use Anti-infective agents, local (bark), Antirheumatic agents (bark), Astringents (bark), Diarrhea (bark), Dysentery (bark), Gonorrhea (bark), Scurvy (bark), Vomiting (bark), Cooling effect on body (bark), Anti-infective agents, local (fruit), Aphrodisiacs (fruit), Appetite stimulants (fruit), Asthenia (fruit), Astringents (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Emollients (fruit), Pain (fruit), Scurvy (fruit), Anti-infective agents, local (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Earache (leaf), Scurvy (leaf), Demulcents (plant exudate), Menstrual cycle (root), Antidote (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Cholera (unspecified), Demulcent (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Dysmenorrhea (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Gonorrhea (unspecified), Herpes (unspecified), Nausea (unspecified), Night-Fever (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Rinderpest (unspecified), Tuberculosis (unspecified), Ache(Ear) (unspecified), Metroxenia (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Scurf (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Anemia (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Evil eye (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Antidote(Mineral) (unspecified), Antidote(Sulfur) (unspecified), Antidote(Vermillion) (unspecified), Hair-Tonic (unspecified), Hairblack (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified), Preventitive(Aging) (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Longevity (unspecified), Alexipharmic (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified), Leukorrhea (wood)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Seedlings need to be transplanted very carefully. They can also be grown by cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Spondias pinnata habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Spondias pinnata habit picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Spondias pinnata leaf picture by Dieter Albrecht (cc-by-sa)
Spondias pinnata leaf picture by SANTOSH YADAV (cc-by-sa)
Spondias pinnata leaf picture by Noel Dionson (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Spondias pinnata fruit picture by SANTOSH YADAV (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Spondias pinnata world distribution map, present in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Micronesia (Federated States of), Indonesia, India, Iceland, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71489-1
WFO ID wfo-0001049363
COL ID 4Z9VQ
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Wirtgenia decandra Spondias amara Spondias bivenomarginalis Evia amara Spondias acuminata Spondias mangifera Mangifera pinnata Poupartia acuminata Spondias paniculata Spondias pinnata