Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl

Cayenne porterweed (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Lamiales > Verbenaceae > Stachytarpheta

Characteristics

Herbs or shrubs, 1-2.5 m high, much branched; stems and branches subterete, varying from loosely pilose to glabrate. Leaves decussate-opposite, the blades membranous, ovate to elliptic, 3-7 cm long and 1.6-2.4 cm wide, obtuse or rounded (rarely subacute) apically, regularly crenate-serrate with subacuminate teeth, narrowed or obtuse basally and more or less cuneate-decurrent into the petiole, scabrate above with sparse strigillose trichomes, not at all rugos&, mostly glabrate beneath except for the appressed-strigillose veins, often brunnescent in drying. Spikes slender, flaccid, to 34 cm long, mostly glabrous or subglabrate throughout or only slightly pilosulous; rachis scarcely or slightly incrassate, the furrows about as broad as the rachis; bractlets narrowly linear or subulate, seta-ceous-acuminate or aristate, scarious along the margins. Flowers spreading during anthesis; calyx compressed ca. 4 mm long, 4-costate, glabrate, the rim 4-subulate-dentate, about equaling or surpassing the subtending bractlet; erect and half-immersed in the furrows of the rachis in fruit; corolla pale-blue to purple, hypo-crateriform, the tube about equaling the calyx, the limb small, ca. 5 mm wide; style included.
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Herb or subshrub, 0.5–2.5 m high. Stem purplish blue, glabrescent to puberulous. Leaves petiolate; petiole 5–20 mm long; lamina ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 25–100 mm long, 20–50 mm wide, attenuate or decurrent into petiole, crenately serrate, membranous to chartaceous when dry; lower surface glabrous but sparsely strigose on veins. Spikes slender, flaccid, 150–450 mm long, 1–3 mm diam., subglabrous; rhachis furrows as wide as rhachis; bracts ovate, subulate at tip, 3–5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide. Calyx compressed, 4-costate, 4–6 mm long, puberulous to glabrescent. Corolla violet-blue, salver-shaped; tube cylindrical, 6–7 mm long, villous in throat; limb 5 mm diam. Stamens inserted in corolla throat. Ovary oblong, glabrous; style 4–7 mm long. Fruit oblong, somewhat compressed, 3–4 mm long, brown to blackish.
An erect woody herb or shrub. It keeps growing from year to year. It grows 1-2 m high. The leaves are opposite and have shallow teeth. They are 5-11 cm long by 3-5 cm wide. The flowers are in a group at the top of the plant. The flowers are blue. They are 2 mm across. The fruit are 3-4 mm long by 2 mm wide. They contain 2 nutlets.
Life form perennial
Growth form
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 1.0 - 2.25
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical plant. It grows on clay and loam soils and along the edges of creeks. In Africa it grows between 10-1,200 m above sea level. In Argentina it grows below 500 m above sea level.
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Fields and thickets. Damp thickets, forest, or swamps, sometimes in pine forest, often a weed in waste places, at elevations from sea level to 1,500 metres.
Grows in grassy fields at the edge of vine thickets, along roadsides, near creeks and on disturbed soil in rainforests.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The stem tips are used as a spice and also as a tea.
Uses environmental use food material medicinal social use spice tea
Edible leaves stems
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Antirheumatic agents (root), Arthralgia (root), Pain (root), Chest-Cold (unspecified), Collyrium (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Heart attack (unspecified), Ophthalmia (unspecified), Panacea (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Heart (unspecified), Abdominal pain (unspecified), Common cold (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Influenza, human (unspecified), Neuralgia (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Stachytarpheta cayennensis habit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis habit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis habit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf picture by Ivanot Estenoz Mendoza (cc-by-sa)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf picture by sauloteixeirar (cc-by-sa)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf picture by Alarcón Favián (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Stachytarpheta cayennensis flower picture by Oliveira Edson (cc-by-sa)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis flower picture by arnaud darras (cc-by-sa)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Stachytarpheta cayennensis fruit picture by Lauton Everton (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Stachytarpheta cayennensis world distribution map, present in Australia, Benin, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Central African Republic, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Gabon, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Suriname, Togo, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Zimbabwe

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1126344-2
WFO ID wfo-0000314812
COL ID 6ZGRG
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 448554
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Stachytarpheta australis Stachytarpheta gibberosa Stachytarpheta guatemalensis Stachytarpheta hirta Stachytarpheta patens Stachytarpheta theezans Stachytarpheta umbrosa Stachytarpheta veronicifolia Valerianoides cayennensis Verbena cayennensis Verbena dichotoma Zappania cajenensis Abena cayennensis Lippia cylindrica Stachytarpheta subulata Stachytarpheta tabascana Zappania dichotoma Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. alba Valerianoides cayennense Stachytarpheta australis f. albiflora Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. albiflora Stachytarpheta dichotoma f. albiflora Abena cayanensis Stachytarpheta australis var. neocaledonica Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. candicans Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. virescens Stachytarpheta dichotoma var. neocaledonica Stachytarpheta maximiliani var. ciliaris Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. purpurea Stachytarpheta guatemalensis f. albiflora Stachytarpheta dichotoma Valerianoides dichotoma Stachytarpheta cayennensis