Strychnos innocua Delile

Species

Angiosperms > Gentianales > Loganiaceae > Strychnos

Characteristics

Shrub or small tree, 2–12 m. high, with yellowish-white or buff-coloured farinose branchlets, usually without lenticels.. Leaves subsessile or shortly petiolate, obovate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 4.5–15 cm. long, 2–8 cm. wide, coriaceous, rounded-emarginate or rarely subacute, widely to very narrowly cuneate or rarely rounded at the base, glabrous to pubescent, matt or shining above, matt beneath, 3–7-nerved from near the base; tertiary venation prominent at least beneath.. Cymes axillary, pedunculate, usually pubescent.. Calyx-lobes about 3 mm. long, pubescent and ciliate.. Corolla greenish, white or yellowish; tube cylindric, about 5 mm. long, hirsute at the throat; lobes oblong, thick, cucullate, acute, about 3.5 mm. long.. Anthers sessile in the corolla-throat.. Ovary elongate-ovoid; style hirsute below.. Fruit globose, 7 cm. or more in diameter; rind hard, orange or orange-yellow.. Seeds tetrahedral, 1.5–1.8 cm. across, thicker and less numerous than those of S. spinosa.
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A small or medium sized tree. It grows up to 13 m high. The trunk is straight. The bark is smooth and green or yellow, and powdery. The small branches are stout and smooth and also powdery. They are often twisted and hang downwards. The leaves are simple and occur in opposite pairs. They are widely spaced apart. They have short leaf stalks. They are oval and 3-15 cm long by 2-9 cm wide. The leaves are wedge shaped at the base and leathery. They tend to be wider at the rounded tip. They can have fine hairs underneath. The veins are fine and net like. The flowers are green or yellow and in the axils of leaves. They are 8 mm long. Mostly 2-4 flowers occur in stalked clusters. Fruit are round and 6-10 cm across. They have a hard peel. They are bluish-green when young and turn yellow or orange when ripe. There are many seeds imbedded in a yellow pulp. The seeds are 4 sided and yellow. They are 1.5 cm across and very hard. The ripe fruit pulp is edible.
Leaves: petiole often short, glabrous or pubescent, 2–7 mm. long; lamina mat or dull, glaucous, and with mostly pale green reticulate veins on both sides, beneath slightly paler, coriaceous (living and dry) or papyraceous (dry), elliptic, narrowly elliptic, obovate, or narrowly obovate, (1)1·5–3(3·5) x as long as wide, (2)4–10(20) x (1)2–7(13·5) cm., rounded (or in sucker shoots often acute) at the apex, cuneate or less often rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent on both sides; one or two pairs of distinct secondary veins from or from above the base curved along the margin and often a faint submarginal pair; tertiary venation reticulate and distinctly prominent on both sides.
Corolla in the mature bud 2·2–4 x as long as the calyx and (6)6·5–9(10·5) mm. long, creamy or greenish–yellow, glabrous outside, inside with a brush–like ring of white lanate hairs in the throat and just on the bae of the lobes; tube cylindrical or nearly so, 1·6–2·5 x as long as the calyx, 1–1·7 x as long as the lobes, (3)3·5–5·5(6) mm. long, 1·5–2·5(3) mm., wide at the throat; lobes thick, narrowly triangular 1·7–2·3 x as long as wide, 3–4(4·5) x 1·3–2(2·3) mm., acute or subacute, spreading.
Fruit orange or yellow, nearly mature bluish–green, large, hard, globose, (2·5)4–7·5(9·5) cm. in diam., with (3–8–50 seeds, with somewhat granular skin, slightly shining. Wall thick, 2·5–5(6) mm. thick, thicker above the pedicel, brittle in mature fruits, hard and not broken by hand when nearly mature and/or dry. Pulp orange, edible.
Pistil hirto–pilose in the middle, (4)5–7·5 mm. long; ovary narrowly ovoid or oblong, 1·5–3 x 1–1·5 mm., hirto–pilose at the very apex, further glabrous, often with a disk–like base, 2–celled; style thick, (2)3–4·5 mm. long, at the base hairy like the ovary at the apex; stigma capitate.
Sepals pale green, free, subequal, the inner slightly smaller, ovate, broadly ovate, or suborbicular, 0·8–1·5 x as long as wide, 1·7–3·5 x 1·5–2·5 mm., rounded at the apex, ciliate, glabrous or pubescent outside, glabrous inside, without colleters.
Seeds pale ochraceous, flattened or not, often more or less plano–convex, obliquely ovate, elliptic or tetrahedral, usually irregularly curved, 1–1·5 x as long as wide, 17–21 x 13–20 x 5–8 mm., with thick very short erect hairs, rather rough.
Inflorescences axillary or ramiflorous, usually several together, very short and nearly fasciculate, 1 x 1–1·5 x 1·5 cm., few–flowered. Peduncle, branches, and pedicels short or very short.
Stamens hardly exserted; filaments extremely short, glabrous, inserted at the mouth of the corolla tube; anthers oblong, about twice as long as wide, 1·2–2 x 0·6–1 mm., glabrous.
Bark pale grey, grey brown, or sometimes dark grey–brown, smooth, somewhat powdery, flaking in small rounded or square scales near base of trunk; wood hard, pale yellowish.
Branches pale grey–brown, powdery or not, lenticellate or not, not sulcate, terete; branchlets glabrous or pubescent.
Deciduous shrub or small often much branched tree, 2–12(18) m. high.
Trunk 7–40 cm. in diam., branched from low down.
In each cell (14)18–30 ovules.
Flowers 4–merous.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 10.0 - 12.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.75
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a tropical and subtropical plant. It grows in the lowlands. It grows from sea level to 1,400 m altitude in Tanzania. It grows naturally in areas with a rainfall of 600 to 1,000 mm annually. The places have 60 to 100 rainy days per year. The temperature ranges are 17°C to 29°C. The relative humidity is from 45 to 80%. These areas have dry lowland forest. Trees need to be in sunny locations. It grows in open woodland and rocky hills. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland.
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Deciduous woodlands at elevations from near sea level to around 1,600 metres in southern Africa. Savannah forests all over tropical Africa in open woodland and on rocky hills.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The fruit pulp is eaten. It is also dried and stored after the seeds are removed. It is inside a hard fruit case. The fruit pulp is also put in water to make a drink. The leaves are cooked and eaten. CAUTION: Many Loganiaceae are very poisonous. The seeds are poisonous.
Uses animal food environmental use fodder food fuel gene source material medicinal oil poison wood
Edible fruits leaves seeds
Therapeutic use -
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or root cuttings. The seed does not germinate easily due to the hard seed coat. If roots are damaged they shoot and can be replanted. When trees are felled new shoots arise and these can be used. Seeds should be sown directly where they are to grow. The stone should be cracked to assist the seed to grow. Seed should be sown as soon as collected. Trees can be pruned or topped.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 19 - 31
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Distribution

Strychnos innocua world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mozambique, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, South Sudan, Chad, Togo, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Strychnos innocua threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:547244-1
WFO ID wfo-0000502968
COL ID 5377K
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Strychnos huillensis Unguacha simiarum Strychnos penduliflora Strychnos innocua Strychnos alnifolia Strychnos dschurica

Lower taxons

Strychnos innocua var. pubescens