Symphonia globulifera L.F.

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Clusiaceae > Symphonia

Characteristics

Glabrous tree (7.5–)15–25(–40) m. tall, with a straight cylindrical bole clear for 4.5–21 m., often with stilt roots surrounded by pneumatophores (in the New World); bark buff or greenish yellow or grey-brown, smooth or with vertical fissures and lenticels arranged in vertical rows; the wood when cut exudes a little yellow or orange sticky resin; branches horizontal, forming a rounded crown.. Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic, oblanceolate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 5–12.5 cm. long, 1–5 cm. wide, obtusely acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, mostly very dark glossy green, ± coriaceous; petiole 0.5–2 cm. long, finely transversely wrinkled.. Inflorescences corymbose or subumbellate many-flowered cymes terminating short lateral branches; pedicels 0.4–2.6 cm. long, lengthening in fruit.. Sepals round, reniform or ovate, 2–5 mm. long, 2.5–7 mm. wide.. Petals waxy, crimson or scarlet, round, 0.7–1.7 cm. long, 1.3–2 cm. wide, slightly spreading.. Disc 1.5–4 mm. tall, with entire or undulate border, ± pentagonal.. Staminal tube 3.5–10 mm. tall, ± persistent after the petals fall; anthers linear, 3–4 to each bundle, 2–5 mm. long, the connectives prolonged to form a short acute or bifid appendage.. Ovary ovoid, the loculi with (l–)2–4 ovules; styles (3–)5–7 mm. long, fused for 2–3 mm. then spreading or recurved.. Fruit green or crimson, then brown, broadly ellipsoid or globose, 1.5–4.5 cm. long, 2–3.5 cm. across, with copious yellow fluid turning brown on exposure to the air, l–2(–3)-seeded, finely warty, crowned with reflexed stigma-lobes.. Seed ovoid, compressed, 1.5–2 cm. long, 1–1.5 cm. wide, with a thin testa marbled by lactiferous ducts; inner integument fibrous.. Fig. 2.
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Tree to 30 m tall; sometimes stilt-rooted; sap yellow. Leaves oblong to lan-ceolate, often slightly wider above the middle, apically acuminate, basally obtuse or acute, 4-6 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, the costa impressed above, elevated be-neath, the lateral nerves numerous, straight, parallel, slightly ascending, often abruptly forking near the margin to form an inconspicuous continuous submar-ginal vein, chartaceous, often slightly grayish; petiole short but distinct, 3-5 mm long. Inflorescence condensed and subumbellate, cymose peduncle mostly ob-solete but sometimes 2-3 cm long; bracts wanting; bracteoles obsolete; pedicels straight, ca. 1 cm long. Flowers depressed globose, pink or red, ca. 1.5 cm across; sepals 5, quincuncial, rotund, broader than long, ca. 5 mm long; petals rotund, ca. 10 mm long, imbricate, contorted; filaments exserted, forming a narrowly turbinoid column around the ovary, apically splitting into 5, white strap-like ele-ments, the anthers 3 per segment, linear, abaxial on the segments, dehiscing longitudinally by lateral slits; ovary 5-locular, turbinoid, produced into the style, the style apically divided into 5 porrect linear lobes which alternate with the anther connectives, white, stigmas minute, distal on the style lobes and directed downwards, minute. Fruit subglobose, 2-4 cm long, surmounted by the persistent style and branches, leathery, brownish or yellowish; seeds 1(-3), red, ellipsoid to subglobose.
A tree. It grows 15-30 m tall. The trunk is straight. The crown has short horizontal branches. The bark is smooth and dark brown. The branches have grooves along them. The leaves are leathery. The leaf blade is 5-12 cm long by 2-4 cm wide. It tapers to the tip and is wedge shaped at the base. Leaves are paler underneath. The flowers occur as many together. They are at the ends of short branches. The petals are bright red or yellow. The fruit is a berry 15-35 mm across. It is red but turns brown. It has 1-2 seeds. The seeds are 15-20 mm long and flattened.
Leaves coriaceous, petiolate; lamina 5–12 × 1·3–4 cm., oblong or elliptic to oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, dark glossy green above, paler below, with numerous closely parallel lateral veins prominent below forming a wide angle with the midrib and branching and anastomosing towards the margin, and with dark glandular streaks or lines sometimes visible on the lower surface; petiole 5–15 (20) mm. long, channelled above.
Androecium of 2 whorls, the outer sterile, forming a ± pentagonal cupule 1·5–4 mm. high, with entire or undulate margins; the inner comprising 5 stamen-fascicles each with 3–4 completely united stamens, the fascicles united to form a membranous tube round the ovary, free above, spreading at anthesis; anthers 2–5 mm. long, linear, parallel, with connectives prolonged to form a short acute or bifid appendage.
Ovary ovoid; loculi (1) 2–4-ovulate; styles 1–2 times as long as the ovary, thick, fused together for c. 2/3 of their length, then spreading or recurved; stigmas minute.
Tree 15–30 m. (rarely to 36 m.) high, with straight bole and a crown of short horizontal branches; bark smooth, dark or reddish-brown.
Petals 7–15 mm. long, 5–6 times as long as the sepals, carnose, ± orbicular, scarlet or bright-or yellowish-red, deciduous.
Sepals unequal or subequal, ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, with margin entire or ciliolate.
Inflorescences corymbose or subumbellate many-flowered cymes, terminating short lateral branches.
Berry ovoid or globose, 15–35 mm. in diam., verrucose, red turning brown, 1–2 (rarely 3)-seeded.
Branches longitudinally grooved and slightly flattened when young, eventually cylindric.
A tree, up to 80 ft. high; bole straight with a crown of short horizontal branches
Flowers pedicellate; pedicels 12–25 mm. long, quadrangular above.
Flower-buds 6–12 mm. in diam., globose.
Seeds c. 15–20 mm. long, ± flattened.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 15.0 - 25.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Wet, often swampy forest, at or a little above sea level in Guatemala. Larger specimens usually grow in mixed evergreen, wet forests, whilst smaller specimens form nearly pure, often very extensive, stands in areas of freshwater swamps.
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It is a tropical plant. It grows in muddy forest swamps. It is along rivers and on the edges of forests. In Nigeria it is recorded at 600-1,800 m above sea level.
Common in muddy forest-swamps and by streams.
Light -
Soil humidity -
Soil texture -
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

Uses dye environmental use fuel material medicinal wood
Edible fruits
Therapeutic use Headache (unspecified), Medicine (unspecified), Ulcer (unspecified), Evil eye (unspecified), Stomachic (unspecified), Skin (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. They are put in hot water that is then allowed to cool and they are soaked overnight. The seeds can be planted directly or put in a nursery and transplanted.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Symphonia globulifera leaf picture by Gabriel Ollivier (cc-by-sa)
Symphonia globulifera leaf picture by Gabriel Ollivier (cc-by-sa)
Symphonia globulifera leaf picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Flower

Symphonia globulifera flower picture by SINAC Pérez Greivin (cc-by-sa)
Symphonia globulifera flower picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)
Symphonia globulifera flower picture by Daniel Barthelemy (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Symphonia globulifera fruit picture by claire Felloni (cc-by-sa)
Symphonia globulifera fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)
Symphonia globulifera fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Symphonia globulifera world distribution map, present in Angola, Benin, Belize, Brazil, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Ecuador, Gabon, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Liberia, Saint Lucia, Mexico, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Sierra Leone, Sao Tome and Principe, Suriname, Chad, Trinidad and Tobago, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), and Zambia

Conservation status

Symphonia globulifera threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:429281-1
WFO ID wfo-0000438147
COL ID 53PKY
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 630762
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Moronobea exserens Symphonia gabonensis Symphonia utilissima Moronobea globulifera Aneuriscus aubletii Aneuriscus exserens Symphonia globulifera var. gabonensis Actinostigma speciosum Symphonia globulifera