Tamarindus indica L.

Tamarind (en), Tamarinier (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Fabales > Fabaceae > Tamarindus

Characteristics

Tree up to 24 m high; young branchlets pubescent, glabrescent. Stipules minute, free, caducous. Leaves spiral, 10-18(-21)-jugate, petiole and rachis 5 — 12( — 16) cm long, slightly pubescent, glabrescent. Leaflets sessile or subsessile, opposite or subopposite, narrowly oblong, 8-30 by 3-10 mm, unequal, rounded or slightly mucronate at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous or slightly puberulous, venation reticulate. Inflorescences terminal and lateral racemes, up to 15(-22) cm long, the rachis puberulous, glabrescent, loosely flowered; bracts and bracteoles ovate-oblong, 5 by 3 mm, caducous; pedicels up to 14 mm, puberulous, glabrescent. Hypanthium narrowly turbinate, 4-4.5 mm long. Sepals 4, reddish outside, yellow inside, zygomorphic, imbricate, oblong-elliptic, 8-12 by 5 mm, slightly puberulous at the base. Petals 5, yellow or cream with red veins, very zygomorphic, upper 3 well-developed, lower 2 reduced, elliptic or ob-ovate-elliptic, 10-13 by 2-6 mm. Stamens less than 10, up to 15 mm; filaments connate for about half their length into a pubescent tube; 3 fertile ones with anthers oblong, longitudinally dehiscent; staminodes 4 or 5, tooth-like, alternating with the fertile ones. Ovary stipitate, linear, c. 7 mm long, pubescent, 8-14-ovuled; style elongate, 7 mm, pubescent; stigma subcapitate. Pods indehiscent, oblong, slightly curved or straight, 5-15 by 2-3 cm, scurfy, with acid pulpy part, up to c. 10-seeded. Seeds obovate-orbicular, 11-17 by 10-12 mm, compressed, glossy, dark brown, non arillate, exalbuminous.
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Tree up to 20 m high with a somewhat rounded crown. Bark rough, grey, brown or greyish-black; young branchlets pubescent or puberulous. Leaves: petiole 0.4-0.8 cm long, subglabrous to ± pubescent; rhachis 4.5-12 cm long (in our area), subglabrous to ± pubescent; leaflets in 10-18 opposite pairs (in our area), oblong, (0.8)1.2-2.5 cm long, 0.3-1 cm wide (in our area), asymmetric basally, rounded to rounded-subtruncate apically, seldom slightly emarginate, glabrous throughout or with a basal tuft of hairs on the lower surface to one side of the midrib, sometimes (but not in our area) pubescent on midrib and margins or all over both surfaces, venation reticulate, ± raised and conspicuous on both surfaces. Racemes 1-15 cm long; axes subglabrous to densely pubescent. Flowers red in bud, on glabrous to pubescent pedicels 3-14 mm long. Hypanthium 3-5 mm long. Sepals 8-12 mm long, pale yellow inside, reddish outside, pubescent basally within. Petals: upper larger three 10-13 mm long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, yellow with red veins. Ovary ±6 mm long, pubescent. Pods brown, (3)6.5-14 cm long, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, curved or sometimes ± straight, sausage-like, usually obtuse basally and apically, margins sometimes irregularly constricted, closely covered outside with small brown scales, indehiscent. Seeds chestnut-brown, ± rhombic to trapeziform, 11-17 mm long, 10-12 mm wide.
Tree 3–24 m. high; bark rough, grey or grey-black; crown rounded; young branchlets pubescent or puberulous.. Leaves: petiole with rhachis 5–12(–16) cm. long, ± pubescent; leaflets in 10–18(–21, fide F.C.B.) pairs, narrowly oblong, (0.8–)1.2–3.2 cm. long, 0.3–1.1 cm. wide, rounded to rounded-subtruncate rarely slightly emarginate at apex, rounded and asymmetric at base, glabrous except for a tuft of yellowish hairs at base, sometimes pubescent up midrib and margins, rarely all over both surfaces; venation ± reticulate-raised on both surfaces.. Racemes 1–15(–22) cm. long; axis subglabrous to densely pubescent; pedicels 3–14 mm. long, glabrous to pubescent.. Flower-buds red.. Hypanthium 3–5 mm. long.. Sepals 8–12 mm. long, pale yellow inside, reddish outside.. Large petals 10–13 mm. long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, gold with red veins.. Pods curved or sometimes straight, sausage-like, (3–)6.5–14 cm. long, 2–3 cm. in diameter, usually obtuse at base and apex, sometimes irregularly constricted, closely covered outside with brown scurf, 1–10-seeded.. Seeds chestnut-brown, ± rhombic to trapeziform, 11–17 mm. long, 10–12 mm. wide.. Fig. 32.
A large spreading tree up to 24 m tall. It has a broad dense evergreen crown. In dry areas the tree can lose its leaves. The trunk can be 1 m across. The bark is rough and grey with a checkered pattern. The leaves are carried one after another along the branch. The whole leaf is 6-12 cm long and it is divided into 10-17 pairs of leaflets. These are oblong and without stalks. The whole leaf has a leaf stalk about 15 cm long. The leaflets are 1-2.5 cm long and 4 9 mm wide. They are a dull dark green and with a rounded tip. The flowers are pale yellow with brown markings. The flowers are about 2.5 cm across and hang on long many flowered stalks. The fruit is an oblong thin skinned fleshy capsule. The brown seeds are inside this long rough surfaced, sausage-like fruit. This pod is 6-8 cm long and about 2 cm wide and contracted between the seeds. The pod cracks when mature. It is a legume. The pulp is date like and reddish brown. The seeds are shiny and hard. The pulp of the pods is edible.
Trees, 10-15(-25) m tall. Trunk 30-50(-90) cm d.b.h. Bark dark ashy, irregularly longitudinally splitting. Leaflets ob­long, small, 1.3-2.8 cm × 5-9 mm, glabrous, base obliquely rounded, apex rounded or emarginate. Flowers few, yellowish tinged with purplish red stripes; peduncles and pedicels yel­lowish green puberulent; bracteoles 2, ca. 1 cm, enclosing flow­er bud before anthesis. Calyx tube ca. 7 mm; lobes lanceolate-oblong, ca. 1.2 cm, reflexed after anthesis. Petals obovate, sub­equal to calyx lobes, margin repand, curled. Stamens 1.2-1.5 cm, pubescent near base, free parts of filaments ca. 7 mm; an­thers elliptic, ca. 2.5 mm. Ovary slightly incurved, terete, ca. 8 mm, hairy. Legume brownish, straight or arcuate, terete-oblong, turgid, 5-14 cm, often irregularly constricted. Seeds 3-14, brownish, shiny. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Dec-May. 2n = 24, 26, 28*.
Tree to 20 m tall. Leaves: petiole 4-8 mm long; rachis 4.5-12 cm long; leaflets in 10-18 pairs, oblong, 0.8-2.5 cm long, 3-10 mm wide, mostly rounded to rounded-subtruncate apically, glabrous throughout or with a basal tuft of hairs on lower surface, or sometimes pubescent on midrib and margins or throughout; venation conspicuous. Racemes 1-15 cm long. Flowers red in bud. Hypanthium 3-5 mm long. Sepals 8-12 mm long, pubescent basally within. Petals: upper larger three 10-13 mm long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, yellow with red veins. Pod subcylindric, curved or straight, mostly 6.5-14 cm long, 1.5-3 cm in diam., closely covered with small, brown scales; margins sometimes irregularly constricted. Seeds ±rhombic to trapeziform, 11-17 mm long, 10-12 mm wide, chestnut brown.
Unarmed, naturalized trees, with puberulent to glabrous branchlets, spreading crown, and rough, brown bark. Leaves 6-12 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 6-18 pairs, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded to retuse apically, obliquely obtuse to subtruncate basally, chartaceous, reticulate. Inflorescence as described for the genus; pedicels slender, 6-10 mm. long. Flowers yellow striped with red; sepals 5, elliptic-lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long; larger petals 3, obovate, 8-12 mm. long, subfimbriate; stamens arcuate, investing the ovary below, up to 14 mm. long; anthers oblong, about 2 mm. long; ovary somewhat pubescent basally. Legume 5-15 cm. long, about 2 cm. thick, lepidote, with an acid pulp surrounding the seeds; seeds about 1 cm. wide.
Leaves: stipules free, narrowly ovate, small, early caducous; petiole with rachis 5–12(16) cm long, pubescent; leaflets in 10–18 pairs, (0.8)1.2–3.2 cm long, narrowly oblong, rounded and asymmetric at the base, rounded to truncate or sometimes emarginate at the apex, pubescent or occasionally glabrous except for a tuft of yellowish hairs at the base, venation raised-reticulate on both surfaces.
Pods 3–14 cm long, 2–3 cm in diameter, cylindrical with irregular constrictions, straight or curved, brown-scurfy, 1–10-seeded.
Racemes 1–15(22) cm long; axis pubescent to densely so; pedicels 3–14 mm long, glabrous to pubescent.
Petals yellow with red veins, large ones 10–13 mm long, elliptic to obovate-elliptic.
Sepals pale yellow inside, reddish outside, 8–12 mm long, elliptic, acute, imbricate.
Seeds chestnut-brown, 11–17 × 10–12 mm, rhombic to trapezioid.
Tree to 25 m; crown rounded; bark rough, grey or grey-black.
Young branchlets pubescent to puberulous.
Hypanthium 3–5 mm long.
Flower buds red.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 20.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer present
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A tropical plant. The tree is cultivated in a number of coastal towns in the tropics as a street tree. It is probably best grown below 800 m altitude in the tropics. It is drought resistant. It cannot stand water-logging. It does well on coastal dunes above high water level. It suits semi-arid areas. It grows in the Sahel. It must be in frost free locations. In Nepal it grows up to about 1200 m altitude. In Kenya it grows from sea level to 1,600 m altitude. It can grow in arid places. It grows in Miombo woodland in Africa. In XTBG Yunnan. It suits hardiness zones 11-12.
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Low-altitude woodland, savannah and bush, often associated with termite mounds. Prefers semi-arid areas and wooded grassland, and can also be found growing along stream and riverbanks.
Commonly cultivated; also in savannah, especially on termite mounds.
Light 6-8
Soil humidity 2-5
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 1-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 10-12

Usage

The pulp of the fruit is edible. It is also used for drinks. The seeds are also edible, cooked. They can be roasted and ground into flour. The outer skin is removed. The young leaves, flowers and young pods are also edible. They are eaten in curries. They are also dried. They are used to make dishes acid. They are used in sauces and chutneys. The young seedlings are also edible. " ,,,,,,,,,,73,305,3.1,2.0,20,2,-,Leaves,78.0,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,75,314,2.5,1.4,-,-,-,Flowers,80.0,,,,,,, (Ehrenb.) Bunge,"Manna,
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UsesThe acid pulpy part of the pods is used for various preserves, jams, sweets and beverages. Seeds are edible and also used as vermicide. See Burkill Diet. Econ. Prod. Malay Penins. 1935 2159 K. Heyne Nutt. pl. Indon. 3 1950 730 Coronel Verheij & Coronel Pl. Res. SE Asia (PROSEA Hand.) 2, Edible fruits and nuts 1991 298-301.
Uses afforestation alcohol animal food charcoal drinks dye environmental use famine fiber fodder food food additive fuel fuelwood gene source gum industrial invertebrate food leaf vegetable material medicinal oil ornamental paints paper poison shade social use stimulant support tanning tea timber varnish windbreak wood
Edible flowers fruits leaves pods seeds shoots stems
Therapeutic use Antipyretics (bark), Astringents (bark), Colic (bark), Dyspepsia (bark), Earache (bark), Amenorrhea (flower), Antipyretics (flower), Asthma (flower), Conjunctivitis (flower), Inflammation (flower), General tonic for rejuvenation (flower), Abdominal pain (fruit), Alcoholic intoxication (fruit), Anthelmintics (fruit), Antiemetics (fruit), Asthenia (seed), Anti-infective agents, local (fruit), Antiparasitic agents (fruit), Antipyretics (fruit), Aphrodisiacs (fruit), Bile acids and salts (fruit), Constipation (fruit), Diarrhea (fruit), Digestive system diseases (fruit), Dysentery (fruit), Dyspepsia (fruit), Earache (fruit), Edema (fruit), Eye diseases (fruit), Fever (fruit), Flatulence (fruit), Hemorrhoids (fruit), Hypnotics and sedatives (fruit), Inflammation (fruit), Laxatives (fruit), Liver diseases (fruit), Lung diseases (fruit), Malaria (fruit), Nausea (fruit), Pain (fruit), Pharyngitis (fruit), Scabies (fruit), Scurvy (fruit), Stomach diseases (fruit), Stomatitis (fruit), Thirst (fruit), Vomiting (fruit), Wound healing (fruit), Cooling effect on body (fruit), Abdominal pain (leaf), Analgesics (leaf), Anthelmintics (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Antiparasitic agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Aphrodisiacs (leaf), Astringents (leaf), Burns (leaf), Conjunctivitis (leaf), Constipation (leaf), Diarrhea (leaf), Diphtheria (leaf), Diuretics (leaf), Dysentery (leaf), Dysuria (leaf), Earache (leaf), Edema (leaf), Eye diseases (leaf), Fever (leaf), Furunculosis (leaf), Heart diseases (leaf), Helminthiasis (leaf), Hemorrhoids (leaf), Inflammation (leaf), Jaundice (leaf), Laxatives (leaf), Lung diseases (leaf), Malaria (leaf), Mouthwashes (leaf), Neoplasms (leaf), Pain (leaf), Pharyngitis (leaf), Scabies (leaf), Smallpox (leaf), Stomach diseases (leaf), Stomatitis (leaf), Ulcer (leaf), Vomiting (leaf), Wound healing (leaf), Wounds and injuries (leaf), Cooling effect on body (leaf), Amenorrhea (root), Asthma (root), Diarrhea (root), Gingivitis (root), Ulcer (root), Abscess (seed), Antioxidants (seed), Aphrodisiacs (seed), Appetite stimulants (seed), Astringents (seed), Constipation (seed), Diabetes mellitus (seed), Diarrhea (seed), Dizziness (seed), Dysentery (seed), Disorder of ejaculation (seed), Fractures, bone (seed), Hematuria (seed), Hemorrhage (seed), Inflammation (seed), Laxatives (seed), Liver diseases (seed), Pain (seed), Premature ejaculation (seed), General tonic for rejuvenation (seed), Thirst (seed), Ulcer (seed), Uterine diseases (seed), Vaginal diseases (seed), Vertigo (seed), Vomiting (seed), Cooling effect on body (seed), Abortive (unspecified), Headache (unspecified), Aperient (unspecified), Apoplexy (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Boil (unspecified), Carbuncle (unspecified), Cardiac (unspecified), Carminative (unspecified), Chill (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Collyrium (unspecified), Conjunctivitis (unspecified), Cosmetic (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Dermatosis (unspecified), Diabetes (unspecified), Diarrhea (unspecified), Digestive (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fungicide (unspecified), Hangover (unspecified), Hemorrhage (unspecified), Hypertension (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Lenitive (unspecified), Liver (unspecified), Piles (unspecified), Pimple (unspecified), Purgative (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Sore(Throat) (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Sunstroke (unspecified), Suppurative (unspecified), Thirst (unspecified), Tonic (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Wound (unspecified), Jaundice (unspecified), Swelling (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Bilious (unspecified), Sting(Caterpillar) (unspecified), Colitis (unspecified), Mucusitis (unspecified), Thrush (unspecified), Antifungal agents (unspecified), Cathartics (unspecified), Colic (unspecified), Constipation (unspecified), Dyspepsia (unspecified), Flatulence (unspecified), Gastrointestinal diseases (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Molluscacides (unspecified), Rheumatic fever (unspecified), Schistosomiasis (unspecified), Urinary tract infections (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be grown by seeds or cuttings. It is best to sow seedlings in pots then transplant them but seed can be sown direct. There are about 1400 seeds per kg. Seed should be soaked in hot water or the seed coat nicked before sowing. Seed can be stored for 2 years if kept dry, cool and away from insects. Trees can be topped or cut back and allowed to re-grow. Nothing grows under the trees due to the acidity of the leaves. Trees can be grown by air layering or cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment soaking
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 20 - 35
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Tamarindus indica habit picture by Otherwise Solutions (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica habit picture by olivia frassanito (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Tamarindus indica leaf picture by René Ecochard (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica leaf picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica leaf picture by Gonzalez Manuel (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Tamarindus indica flower picture by Harry D'n Harry (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica flower picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica flower picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Fruit

Tamarindus indica fruit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica fruit picture by mathilde norodom (cc-by-sa)
Tamarindus indica fruit picture by Nelson Zamora Villalobos (cc-by-nc)

Distribution

Tamarindus indica world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Burundi, Benin, Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Barbados, Bhutan, Central African Republic, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Cook Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Cabo Verde, Costa Rica, Cayman Islands, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, French Guiana, Honduras, Haiti, Indonesia, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Liberia, Libya, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Maldives, Mexico, Mali, Northern Mariana Islands, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malawi, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Niue, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Réunion, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Senegal, Singapore, Sierra Leone, El Salvador, Somalia, Seychelles, Chad, Togo, Thailand, Tonga, Taiwan, Province of China, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, United States of America, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Viet Nam, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Tamarindus indica threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520167-1
WFO ID wfo-0000170926
COL ID 54M92
BDTFX ID 164402
INPN ID 447055
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tamarindus occidentalis Tamarindus umbrosa Tamarindus somalensis Tamarindus erythraeus Cavaraea elegans Tamarindus officinalis Tamarindus indica var. emarginata Tamarindus indica