Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.

Species

Angiosperms > Asterales > Asteraceae > Tarchonanthus

Characteristics

Mostly a multi-stemmed, rounded dioecious shrub, rarely a tree, 1-8 m high. Leaves aromatic, alternate, narrowly elliptic to slightly oblanceolate, (20-)26-80 x 7-20 mm, discolorous, upper surface grey-green or khaki-green, hairy when young, becoming glabrous, reticulate, with glands on margins of reticulations, main vein sunken, hairy in lower part, lower surface densely grey-or greenish hairy, main and secondary veins prominent, tertiary veins reticulate; apex acute, often mucronate, sometimes obtuse; base cuneate; margin entire. Petiole up to 5 mm long. Synflorescences terminal, paniculate. Male plants: capitula homogamous discoid, 3.0-11.5 mm diam., 10-60-flowered; peduncle 0-10 mm long. Involucral bracts fused halfway, 5(-7)-lobed; tube 1.5-5.0 mm long; lobes 1.0-2.5 mm long, sometimes with a few free bracts on inside. Corolla infundibuliform, glandular and hairy; tube 1.5-3.5 mm long; lobes 5, 0.5-1.0 mm long, papillate, recurved. Anthers well exserted, 1.0-1.5 mm long, with small, ovate, apical appendage, calcarate, caudate, tails up to 0.5 mm long, branched; filaments 2-3 mm long. Style well exserted, 4-8 mm long, undivided or rarely with 2 small lobes, papillate. Ovary rod-like, 0.5-1.0 mm, sterile, septate-hairy. Female plants: capitula homogamous discoid, 3.5-7.0 mm diam., (1-)3(-5)-flowered; peduncle 0-6 mm long. Involucral bracts densely hairy, in 2 or 3 rows, free, imbricate, 3-6 mm long; outer bracts linear-lanceolate to linear-obovate; middle and inner row ovate. Corolla infundibuliform, hairy and glandular; tube 1.0-1.5 mm long; lobes 5, 0.5 mm long, papillate. Staminodes sometimes present. Style exserted, 1.5-3.0 mm long, with 2 broad, 0.5 mm long lobes. Ovary elliptic to obovate, 1-4 mm long, densely septate-hairy and glandular. Cypsela elliptic, ribbed, 3-4 mm long, creamy or yellowish, densely septate-hairy and glandular. Pappus absent. Flowering time: March to August with a peak from March to July (autumn to winter).
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Shrub or small tree to 9 m tall, usually much-branched; trunk diameter to 40 cm; bark brown or grey, rough, longitudinally fissured, exfoliating in long strips; young stems densely clothed in white felt-like tomentum.. Leaves shortly petiolate; petiole 0.2–1 cm long; blade narrowly to broadly elliptic or oblanceolate, 2–13.5 cm long, 0.4–4.5 cm wide, base cuneate or attenuate, margins entire, apex obtuse or subacute and shortly mucronate, discolorous, green and glabrous except for mid-rib above, felted with dense white or grey tomentum beneath, prominently pinnately veined, strongly camphor-scented when crushed; on coppice shoots may be larger and more tomentose above.. Capitula small, numerous in usually copious terminal compound open paniculoid thyrses, leafy in lower part with smaller bracts in upper part and yellow-brown tomentose when young, shortly pedicellate; involucres campanulate, 2.5–6 mm long; phyllaries ± 5, 2–6 mm long, tomentose beneath, glabrous above, in male capitula connate in lower 1/2–1/4, in female capitula free.. Male florets 12–66; corolla white, tube infundibuliform, 1.8–3.5 mm long with long white hairs, lobes ovate, 0.5–1.3 mm long, styles white, the upper part long-exserted; female florets 1–6; corolla almost glabrous to densely hairy, 4–5-lobed, 0.8–1.2 mm long, lobes ovate, 0.5–0.8 mm long.. Achenes obovoid in outline, narrowed towards the base and apex, brown, 1.6–4 mm long, 3-ribbed on one face, 1-ribbed on the other, densely covered in long white cotton-woolly hairs and crowned with persistent corolla.. Fig. 2.
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high; aromatic, male and female florets on separate plants. Leaves: alternate; blade narrowly elliptic to slightly narrowly obovate, up to 80 x 20 mm, apex acute, often mucronate, sometimes obtuse, base cuneate, margins entire, upper surface grey-green or khaki-green, reticulate, glabrous, lower surface densely grey-or greenish hairy, main and secondary veins prominent; petiole up to 5 mm long. Heads discoid, sessile or shortly pedunculate, in lax, open, terminal panicles. Involucral bracts of male plants uniseriate, fused halfway; of female plants 2-or 3-seriate, free, imbricate. Flowers: disc florets only, creamy white; (Feb.)May-Aug. (for FS not recorded in Feb.) Fruit with cypsela of female plants elliptic, ribbed, densely long, creamy or yellowish hairy. Pappus absent.
Leaves subsessile or with a petiole up to c. 6 mm. long and tomentellous; lamina very variable in size c. 2 x 0.5 to c. 8.5(12) x 3.5(5) cm., narrowly oblong-elliptic, elliptic or oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, apex subacute obtuse or rounded, base cuneate, margins entire; upper surface glabrescent, finely tessellate-reticulate with numerous golden glandular-globules along deeply depressed veins; under surface white-felted, the tomentum ± obscuring minute golden glands, midrib and nerves prominent beneath.
Female capitula; involucres 3–3.5 x 6 mm., broadly turbinate to subglobose; phyllaries 2–3-seriate, imbricate, rotund to narrowly ovate, shortly connate at base or free, tomentose-araneose outside and often long ciliate about the upper margins; florets 4–5, corollas c. 1 mm. long, shortly funnel-shaped, lanate outside, stigma shortly bifid exserted; achene c. 2.5–3(4) x 1.5 mm., somewhat compressed ellipsoid, densely covered in a mass of long sericeous-woolly hairs.
Male capitula; involucres 2.5–3.5 x 3.5–5 mm., broadly turbinate to shallowly cupuliform, phyllaries 5–6, ovate, connate below, sometimes also with several free shorter narrowly oblong-ovate phyllaries, tomentose-araneose outside; florets (3)10–25, corollas c. 2.5 mm. long broadly funnel-shaped, densely woolly outside, anther thecae 1.5–2 mm. long, exserted, style linear exserted by c. 1.5 mm. above the anther tube, ovary rudimentary.
A dense shrub or small tree. It grows 8 m tall. The trunk is 40 cm across. The bark is grey and cracked. The twigs have a felted covering. The leaf blade varies in size. It can be 2-8 cm long by 1-4 cm wide. It is narrowly oval. There is a white covering under the leaves. Male and female flowers are on separate plants. There are many flower heads in groups at the ends of branches.
Shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high. Twigs leafy throughout. Leaves: upper surface smooth or pitted, glandular, margins subentire, lamina up to 70 mm long, petiole 1-3(-5) mm long. Female heads ± 3-flowered. Flowers cream-white.
Trunk up to c. 40 cm. in diam., bark greyish, fissured; twigs leafy, closely greyish-or pale brown-felted.
Dense shrubs or small trees up to c. 8 m. tall, with a strong camphor odour.
Heads numerous in large leafy terminal panicles.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality dioecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 0.4
Mature height (meter) 8.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 1.5
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway -

Environment

A subtropical plant. It grows along rivers. It can be on Kalahari sand or on granite outcrops. It grows in hot arid places. It is often in places with a marked dry season. It grows in areas with an annual rainfall between 300-350 mm. It grows on dry sandy soils. It can grow on salty soils. It can tolerate salty soils. It is drought tolerant. It can grow in arid places.
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A common plant of the savannah biome, dry forest margins or secondary deciduous bushland, woodland and wooded grassland often dominant or co-dominant and commonly associated with Acacia spp. and Adansonia digitata.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 1-6
Soil texture 5-8
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-12

Usage

The camphor flavoured leaves are chewed. They are also used for tea. The roots are eaten in tonic soups.
Uses animal food bee plant environmental use essential oil fodder food fuel gene source invertebrate food material medicinal non-vertebrate poison poison social use tea wood
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Abdominal pain (leaf), Analgesics (leaf), Anxiety (leaf), Asthma (leaf), Bronchitis (leaf), Headache (leaf), Hypnotics and sedatives (leaf), Hysteria (leaf), Stomach diseases (leaf), Toothache (leaf), Abdominal pain (stem), Asthma (stem), Bronchitis (stem), Headache (stem), Stomach diseases (stem), Toothache (stem), Headache (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Fumitory (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Antirheumatic agents (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

It can be cut back and will re-grow.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 17 - 33
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Leaf

Tarchonanthus camphoratus leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Tarchonanthus camphoratus leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Tarchonanthus camphoratus leaf picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Tarchonanthus camphoratus flower picture by Iain Douglas-Hamilton (cc-by-sa)
Tarchonanthus camphoratus flower picture by Antoine Huss (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Tarchonanthus camphoratus fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Tarchonanthus camphoratus fruit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Tarchonanthus camphoratus world distribution map, present in Angola, Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, United Republic of, Yemen, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Tarchonanthus camphoratus threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:255156-1
WFO ID wfo-0000116602
COL ID 54X6M
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Tarchonanthus obovatus Tarchonanthus angustissimus Tarchonanthus litakunensis Tarchonanthus abyssinicus Tarchonanthus minor Tarchonanthus procerus Tarchonanthus camphoratus var. camphoratus Tarchonanthus camphoratus var. litakunensis Tarchonanthus camphoratus