Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) C.V.Morton

Species

Pteridophytes > Polypodiales > Thelypteridaceae > Thelypteridoideae > Thelypteris

Characteristics

Plants terrestrial. Rhizome wide-creeping, irregularly branched, to 2.2 mm in diameter, set with roots, widely spaced stipe bases and scales, scales chartaceous, castaneus, sessile, ovate to broadly ovate, cordate to cordate-imbricate, margins regularly set with unicellular capitate glands, similar glands also occur on the scale lamina, apex terminates in an oblong thin-walled cell, to 2.2 mm long, to 1.3 mm wide. Fronds spaced, to 70 mm apart, erect, to 950 mm long; stipe proximally castaneus to atrocastaneus, stramineous higher up, shallowly sulcate adaxially, to 465 mm long, to 2.5 mm in diameter, sparsely set with scales similar to those on the rhizome, closely set with pale unicellular acicular hairs, to 0.5 mm long; lamina 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, narrow-elliptic to oblong-cuneate, to 385 mm long, to 175 mm wide, with up to 18 free pinna pairs, basal pinnae not or slightly reduced; rachis castaneus, adaxially sulcate, not confluent with that of the costa, closely set with soft, stramineous to ferrugineous, unicellular, acicular hairs, to 0.6 mm long; pinnae petiolate, petiole to 1 mm long, herbaceous, opposite to alternate, proximally more widely spaced than distally, linear-cuneate, to 100 mm long, to 17 mm wide, pinnatifid, segments oblong-obtuse to oblong-acute, entire, to 9 mm long, to 4 mm wide, adaxially sparsely set with soft, unicellular, acicular hairs along the costa and veins, and scales along the costa, scales chartaceous, pale brown, sessile, lanceolate to ovate, cordate, margins regularly set with capitate glands along the margin, apex terminates in an oblong thin-walled cell, to 1.5 mm long, to 0.5 mm wide, abaxially set with glands, hairs, and scales, glands unicellular, capitate, to 165 µm long, occurring along and between the veins, hairs soft, unicellular, acicular, to 0.6 mm long, occurring along the costa, veins and lamina margin, scales sessile, broadly ovate, cordate, margins set with unicellular, capitate glands along the margin and scale surface, apex terminates in an oblong thin-walled cell, to 1.2 mm long, to 1 mm wide, occurring along the costa and veins; costa adaxially sulcate, pronounced abaxially. Venation proximally anadromous, catadromous distally, evident, pinnately branched in the segments, vein branches forked, simple near the apex, ending in the margin. Sori circular, medial on the veins, up to 9 pairs per lobe; indusium chartaceous, stramineous, reniform to irregularly shaped, regularly set with obovate and acicular hairs along the margin and surface, to 1 mm in diameter; receptacle nude; sporangium long-stalked, 3-seriate below the capsule, simple, with (15-)19(-19) indurated annulus cells, epistomium (3-)4(-5)-celled, hypostomium (3-)4(-5)-celled. Spores 64 per sporangium, brown, ellipsoidal, monolete, verrucose, (40-)41.75(-44) x (26-)27.25(-30) µm.
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Rhizome wide-creeping, irregularly branched, up to 2.2 mm in diam., with stipe bases up to 70 mm apart and scales; scales castaneous, ovate to broadly ovate, up to 2.2 x 1.3 mm. Fronds erect, up to 950 mm long. Stipe basally castaneous, stramineous higher up, shallowly sulcate adaxially, up to 465 mm long, up to 2.5 mm in diam., sparsely set with scales similar to those on rhizome, closely set with pale unicellular acicular hairs. Lamina 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, narrow-elliptic to oblong-cuneate, up to 385 x 175 mm, basal pinnae not or slightly reduced. Pinnae petiolate, herbaceous, proximally more widely spaced, linear-cuneate, up to 100 x 17 mm, pinnatifid; lobes oblong-obtuse to oblong-acute, up to 9 x 4 mm, entire, adaxially with unicellular acicular hairs along costa and veins, and scales along costa, scales pale brown, lanceolate to ovate, up to 1.5 x 0.5 mm, abaxially with glands, hairs and scales, glands occur along and between veins, hairs occur along costa, veins and lamina margins, scales broadly ovate, up to 1.2 x 1 mm, occurring along costa and veins; venation evident, vein branches forked, simple near lobe apex. Sori circular, up to 1 mm in diam. Indusium stramineous, reniform to irregularly shaped, with obovate and acicular hairs along margin and surface; receptacle nude.
Rhizome slender, c. 2.5-4 mm diam., extremely tough and flexible. Frond to 1 m tall, but frequently much less, bright lime-green. Stipe 15-50 cm long. Lamina 25-50 cm long; sterile pinnae commonly 4-6 cm long, to 1.5 cm wide; fertile pinnae ±same length but 6-11 mm wide; basal pinnae slightly reduced, with elongate and sometimes free basal lobes; middle pinnae not dilated at their bases, lobed to less than 1 mm from costa; lobe margins strongly recurved, giving the lobes the appearance of being much narrower than the sterile ones; veins in sterile pinnae mostly forked, in fertile pinnae often simple; lower surface of costae with slender hairs and flat ovate-rounded ciliate scales 0.5-l mm long and wide; lower surface between veins with a variable number of slender acicular and short-capitate hairs. Sori indusiate, nearer to costules than to margin; indusium reniform, bearing glandular hairs.
Rhizome 2 mm diameter; stipe stramineous, 15-50 cm long; lamina 25-50 cm long, pinnae to 20 or more pairs, dimorphous; sterile pinnae to 15 mm or more wide, fertile commonly 6-9 mm wide; lowest pinnae slightly reduced, sometimes with free basal acroscopic segment; middle pinnae not dilated at base, lobed to less than 1 mm from costa; veins in sterile fronds mostly forked, in fertile sometimes simple; lower surface of costae bearing slender hairs and ovate-orbicular flat scales with short hairs on edges; lower surface of lamina bearing a variable number of slender acicular and/or short capitate hairs; upper surface short-hairy on costa. Sori near costules; indusia bearing short hairs on edges.
Rhizome 2 mm diameter (dry). Stipe stramineous, 15-50 cm long. Lamina 25-50 cm long; pinnae to 20 pairs or more, dimorphous. Sterile pinnae commonly 4-6 x 1.5 cm, fertile 6-9 mm wide; lowest pinnae slightly reduced, sometimes with a free basal acroscopic lobe; middle pinnae not dilated at base, lobed to less than 1 mm from costa; veins in sterile fronds mostly forked, in fertile often simple; lower surface of costae bearing slender hairs and ovate-orbicular flat ciliate scales 0.5-1 mm long and wide; lower surface between veins bearing a variable number of slender acicular and short capitate hairs; hairs on upper surface of costa short. Sori near costules; indusia with short marginal hairs.
Rhizome widely creeping, set with dark brown, ovate, somewhat undulate rhizome-scales up to 2 mm long, becoming black and subglabrous with age. Fronds spaced up to 50 mm apart, erect, very firmly herbaceous, non-proliferous; stipe pale brown for most of its length, glabrous, up to 0.45 m long; lamina lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, up to 0.5 x 0.21 m, apex acute, deeply bipinnatifid, basal pinnae slightly reduced; pinnae very oblong-lanceolate, acute, deeply pinnatifid; costa set with pale brown ovate scales below, glandular or thinly pilose. Sori circular, up to 18 per lobe, medial; indusium glabrous, up to 0.5 mm in diameter.
Rhizome widely creeping, set with dark brown rhizome scales. Lamina lanceolate, up to 0.50 x 0.21 m, deeply bipinnatifid. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid. Ovate scales borne along lower surface of costae. Sori circular, medial.
Perennial with widely spreading rhizome. Fronds erect, soft, 2-pinnatifid, stipe glabrous, lamina lanceolate, pinnae deeply pinnatifid, costa scaled or thinly pilose. Null Sori circular, to 18 per lobe, medial, indusium glabrous.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality -
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 0.5
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color -
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Fruit color -
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Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

In N. Sumatra at 1180-1330 m, in W. New Guinea at 1750-1900 m, in E. New Guinea at 2500 m; in all cases in swampy open ground near lakes.
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Found in permanently swampy areas, in Qld associated with species of the sedges Baumea and Cladium .
Light -
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Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

Uses medicinal
Edible -
Therapeutic use Throat wound (leaf), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antipyretics (leaf), Contraceptive agents (leaf), Postnatal care (leaf), Skin diseases (leaf), Stomach ulcer (leaf)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Mode -
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
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Optimum temperature (C°) -
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Images

Thelypteris confluens unspecified picture

Distribution

Thelypteris confluens world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, Australia, Burundi, Botswana, China, Congo, Ethiopia, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Lesotho, Madagascar, Myanmar, Mozambique, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Sudan, eSwatini, Thailand, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Thelypteris confluens threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17457280-1
WFO ID wfo-0001110850
COL ID 569VK
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN)
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Aspidium dregei Thelypteris cyclolepis Thelypteris squamigera Athyrium cyclolepis Lastrea squamulosa Aspidium squamigerum Pteris confluens Nephrodium squamulosum Aspidium squamulosum Lastrea fairbankii Thelypteris fairbankii Thelypteris confluens Aspidium thelypteris var. squamigerum Dryopteris cabrerae Lastrea cabrerae Dryopteris thelypteris var. squamigerum