Thuja occidentalis L.

Eastern white-cedar (en), Cèdre blanc (fr), Thuya d'Occident (fr), Thuya du Canada (fr), Thuya occidental (fr)

Species

Gymnosperms > Cupressales > Cupressaceae > Thuja

Characteristics

Trees to 15(--38) m, stunted or prostrate in harsh environments; trunk to 0.9(--1.8) m diam., sometimes divided into 2--3 secondary stems, often reproducing by layering or forming erect, rooted branches from fallen trunks; crown conical. Bark reddish brown or grayish brown, 6--9 mm thick, fibrous, fissured. Leaves of branchlets (1.5--)3--5 mm, acute, dull yellowish green on both surfaces of branchlets. Pollen cones 1--2 mm, reddish. Seed cones ellipsoid, (6--)9--14 mm, brown; fertile scales usually 2 pairs, each minutely mucronate. Seeds ca. 8 per cone, 4--7 mm (including wings), reddish brown. 2 n = 22.
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Trees to 15(-38) m tall; trunk 0.9(-1.8) m d.b.h.; bark reddish brown or grayish brown, fibrous, fissured; crown conical. Leaves on both sides of branchlets dull yellowish-green; facial leaves (1.5-)3-5 mm, abaxial gland conspicuous, apex acute; lateral leaves slightly shorter than or as long as facial leaves, apex incurved. Pollen cones reddish, 1-2 mm. Seed cones brown, ellipsoid, (0.6-)0.9-1.4 cm; fertile cone scales ca. 4. Seeds reddish-brown, 4-7 mm including wings.
An evergreen tree. It is a narrow cone shape and grows 20 m high. It spreads 4.5 m wide. The bark is orange-brown and peels off in strips. The leaves are scale like and very small. They are glossy yellow above and white underneath. The male and female flowers occur on the same tree. The male flowers are red and the female flowers are yellow-brown. They occur in separate clusters at the ends of shoots. The fruit are oblong and 1 cm long. They are upright cones.
Conical tree to 20 m, with widely spreading branches; ultimate branchlets very soft and flat, 1–2 mm wide; lvs closely imbricate, broadly ovate to rotund, 2–4 mm, glandular, persisting and enlarging on the older branches; cone ca 1 cm, the outer scales nearly as long as the inner; 2n=22. Moist or wet soil, often in swamps; Que. and N.S. to Hudson Bay, s. to N.J., O., n. Ind. and Ill., Wis., Minn., and in the mts. to N.C. and Tenn.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination anemogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 4.5
Mature height (meter) 15.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) 0.8
Root diameter (meter) 0.3
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It grows naturally in Eastern North America. It grows on rocky mountain slopes often on limestone and swamps. It does best on well-drained, alkaline soils. It needs an open sunny position. It is resistant to drought, frost and pollution. It suits hardiness zones 2-10. At Anvers Chocolate factory.
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Swamps and cool rocky banks of streams, forming dense almost impenetrable forests. On mostly calcareous substrates, neutral to basic swamps, shores of lakes and rivers, uplands, cliffs, and talus; at elevations up to 900 metres.
Light 4-7
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 2-7

Usage

The young leaves and shoot were cooked like vegetables and made into a soup. The leafy shoots are also used for tea. The soft inner bark or cambium can be collected in spring and eaten. Caution: It should only be eaten in small amounts.
Uses afforestation beverage environmental use essential oil fiber fuel incense insecticide material medicinal ornamental poison tea timber wood
Edible barks leaves shoots stems
Therapeutic use Burn Dressing (bark), Tuberculosis Remedy (bark), Abortifacient (bark), Adjuvant (bark), Cough Medicine (bark), Analgesic (bark), Panacea (bark), Hunting Medicine (fruit), Antirheumatic (External) (leaf), Panacea (leaf), Cough Medicine (leaf), Unspecified (leaf), Cold Remedy (leaf), Gynecological Aid (leaf), Orthopedic Aid (leaf), Dermatological Aid (leaf), Stimulant (leaf), Analgesic (leaf), Blood Medicine (leaf), Diaphoretic (leaf), Witchcraft Medicine (leaf), Cough (leaf), Nasal decongestants (leaf), Antirheumatic (External) (unspecified), Antirheumatic (Internal) (unspecified), Cold Remedy (unspecified), Dermatological Aid (unspecified), Febrifuge (unspecified), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Gynecological Aid (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Toothache (unspecified), Analgesic (unspecified), Ceremonial Medicine (unspecified), Disinfectant (unspecified), Misc. Disease Remedy (unspecified), Panacea (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Urinary Aid (unspecified), Blood Medicine (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Cough Medicine (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Adjuvant (unspecified), Abortifacient (unspecified), Alterative (unspecified), Antiseptic (unspecified), Astringent (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Cardiotonic (unspecified), Catarrh (unspecified), Condyloma (unspecified), Cough (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Dropsy (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Fatality (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Gout (unspecified), Insecticide (unspecified), Malaria (unspecified), Perfume (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Rheumatism (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Skin (unspecified), Soap (unspecified), Styptic (unspecified), Sudorific (unspecified), Uterotonic (unspecified), Wart (unspecified), Excrescence (unspecified), Faver (unspecified), Hair-Oil (unspecified), Vermifuge (unspecified), Arthritis (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Tumor (unspecified)
Human toxicity toxic (seed)
Animal toxicity very strong toxic (seed)

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed or by cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 60
Germination temperacture (C°) 8
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Thuja occidentalis habit picture by Daniel Urbánek (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis habit picture by brigitte mathieu (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis habit picture by Casey Harmon (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Thuja occidentalis leaf picture by Palo Rapos (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis leaf picture by Ferdi Weixi (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis leaf picture by Eric Le5 (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Thuja occidentalis flower picture by javan thompson (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Thuja occidentalis fruit picture by Palo Rapos (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis fruit picture by Matthias Foellmer (cc-by-sa)
Thuja occidentalis fruit picture by Leyla G (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Thuja occidentalis world distribution map, present in Brazil, Canada, China, France, and United States of America

Conservation status

Thuja occidentalis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263956-1
WFO ID wfo-0000407772
COL ID 56NTP
BDTFX ID 68031
INPN ID 126449
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Thuja occidentalis f. prostrata Thuja occidentalis f. filicoides Thuja occidentalis f. compacta Thuja occidentalis f. buchananii Thuja occidentalis f. rosenthalii Thuja occidentalis f. magnifica Juniperus ericoides Retinispora devriesiana Retinispora ellwangeriana Thuja globosa Thuja ericoides Thuja ellwangeriana Thuja nana Thuja canadensis Thuja caucasica Thuja compacta Thuja bodmeri Thuja vervaeneana Thuja tatarica Thuja variegata Thuja recurvata Thuja theophrasti Retinispora nobleana Retinispora pygmaea Retinispora glaucescens Retinispora dubia Retinispora meldensis Thuja hoveyi Thuja obtusa Thuja odorata Thuja minor Thuja devriesiana Thuja procera Retinispora keteleeri Cupressus nobleana Thuja recurva Thuja sibirica Chamaecyparis boursieri Cupressus arborvitae Thuja occidentalis f. alba Thuja occidentalis f. variegata Thuja occidentalis f. vervaeneana Thuja occidentalis f. aureovariegata Thuja occidentalis f. wareana-lutescens Thuja occidentalis f. aurea Thuja occidentalis f. sempervirens Thuja occidentalis f. lutea Thuja occidentalis f. robusta Thuja occidentalis f. riversii Thuja occidentalis f. viridis Thuja occidentalis f. fastigiata Thuja occidentalis f. mastersii Thuja occidentalis f. globosa Thuja occidentalis f. woodwardii Thuja occidentalis f. hoveyi Thuja occidentalis f. pumila Thuja occidentalis f. umbraculifera Thuja occidentalis f. filiformis Thuja occidentalis f. ohlendorffii Thuja occidentalis f. cristata Thuja occidentalis f. ericoides Thuja occidentalis f. ellwangeriana Thuja occidentalis f. occidentalis Thuja occidentalis var. cristata Thuja occidentalis var. pendula Thuja occidentalis var. alba Thuja occidentalis var. variegata Thuja occidentalis var. vervaeneana Thuja occidentalis var. aureovariegata Thuja occidentalis var. variegata-aurea Thuja occidentalis var. aurea Thuja occidentalis var. sempervirens Thuja occidentalis var. lutea Thuja occidentalis var. robusta Thuja occidentalis var. rosenthalii Thuja occidentalis var. douglasii-pyramidalis Thuja occidentalis var. magnifica Thuja occidentalis var. compacta Thuja occidentalis var. buchananii Thuja occidentalis var. fastigiata Thuja occidentalis var. plicata Thuja occidentalis var. globosa Thuja occidentalis var. woodwardii Thuja occidentalis var. hoveyi Thuja occidentalis var. umbraculifera Thuja sibirica var. pendula Thuja occidentalis var. filiformis Thuja occidentalis var. douglasii Thuja occidentalis f. gaspensis Thuja occidentalis f. pendula Thuja occidentalis f. pendula-glauca Thuja occidentalis