Tilia americana L.

American linden (en), Tilleul d'Amérique (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malvales > Malvaceae > Tilia

Characteristics

Tree to 40 m; lvs broadly ovate to subrotund, mostly 7–15 cm, sharply serrate, cordate or truncate at base; pet narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, 7–12 mm, tapering to the base; fr subglobose, 6–8 mm; 2n=82. Rich woods; N.B. to Man., s. to Fla. and Tex.; disjunct in Mex. July. Four vars., two with us. The mainly northern var. americana, American b., extending to s. to nw. N.C. and e. Okla., has the lvs green beneath and glabrous to sparsely stellate-hairy (or more densely so when young), commonly with conspicuous tufts of hairs in the vein-axils beneath. (T. neglecta, an introgressant toward the next var.) The mainly s. Appalachian var. heterophylla (Vent.) Loudon, white b., extending n. to sw. Pa. and s. O., w. to s. Ill., with outliers n. and w., is more hairy, the lvs permanently covered beneath with fine white or brown stellate hairs. (T. heterophylla; T. michauxii; T. monticola; T. pubescens) Two European spp. with mostly smaller (5–10 cm) lvs and without staminodes escape locally from cult. T.platyphyllos Scop. has strongly 5-ribbed frs, whereas T. cordata Mill. has the frs only weakly or scarcely ribbed.
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Trees sometimes multitrunked. Leaf blades (on flowering shoots) 5–15(–20) × 5–12+ cm, abaxial surfaces initially glabrate but for tufts of simple, forked, or fascicled hairs at some vein axils, or initially densely to sparsely stellatehairy, then sometimes glabrescent, with or without tufts of simple, forked, or fascicled hairs at some vein axils, adaxial surfaces usually glabrous or glabrate. Inflorescences: bracts 7–15 cm, notably reticulate-veined, notably hairy, glabrescent, or glabrate; peduncle diverging from near or beyond midlength of bract. Pedicels weakly clavate, 4–15+ mm, notably hairy, glabrescent, or glabrate. Flowers: sepals 4–6(–9+) mm; petals 5–9(–11) mm; staminodes 4–7(–10) mm. Fruits ellipsoid to globose, 5–10 mm diam. 2n = 82.
A large tree which loses its leaves. It grows to 25-35 m tall. The trunk can be 100 cm across. The crown is rounded. The leaves are alternate and simple. They are 12-20 cm long by 15 cm across. It has a longer tip. The leaf is dull green above and lighter underneath. There are tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. The flowers are creamy yellow. They have a scent. They are 11-13 mm across. The fruit are 8-12 mm across. They are covered with brown hairs.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread anemochory
Mature width (meter) 0.6
Mature height (meter) 25.0 - 27.4
Root system tap-root
Rooting depth (meter) 1.0
Root diameter (meter) 0.4
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It is native to E. North America. It grows on moist slopes. It can tolerate shade. It will grow in most soils. It grows naturally in forests in mountains in Canada. It suits hardiness zones 3-9. Arboretum Tasmania. Hobart Botanical Gardens.
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Rich, often moist, soils of woods and bottomlands, often forming pure stands.
Light 4-7
Soil humidity 5-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-8

Usage

The flower is used as a salad vegetable and to make tea. CAUTION: It should only be drunk in small quantities. The sap is used for a beverage. It can be boiled down to syrup and sugar. The inner bark is eaten. The young leaves are eaten in salads of cooked as a vegetable and added to soups and stews. The red berries are eaten. They are ground into a paste.
Uses environmental use fiber invertebrate food material medicinal tea timber wood
Edible barks flowers fruits leaves saps
Therapeutic use Antidiarrheal (bark), Dermatological Aid (bark), Gastrointestinal Aid (bark), Snake Bite Remedy (bark), Antihemorrhagic (bark), Diuretic (bark), Gynecological Aid (bark), Anthelmintic (bark), Eye Medicine (leaf), Unspecified (leaf), Burn Dressing (leaf), Orthopedic Aid (leaf), Antihemorrhagic (root), Panacea (root), Anthelmintic (root), Stimulant (shoot), Cough Medicine (unspecified), Gastrointestinal Aid (unspecified), Tuberculosis Remedy (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Orthopedic Aid (unspecified), Other (unspecified), Pediatric Aid (unspecified), Pulmonary Aid (unspecified), Wound (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seed, or by layering or cuttings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Tilia americana habit picture by Maarten Vanhove (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana habit picture by Christopher Lewis (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana habit picture by Pascal Guerin (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Tilia americana leaf picture by Alex Lavoie (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana leaf picture by Scott Gibson (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana leaf picture by Hannah Shaw (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Tilia americana flower picture by c isa (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana flower picture by Ketu Ketu (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana flower picture by Edward Privorotsky (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Tilia americana fruit picture by Iva (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana fruit picture by Ram Chandra Ram Chandra Nepal (cc-by-sa)
Tilia americana fruit picture by Amanda Smith (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Tilia americana world distribution map, present in Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Canada, France, United States of America, and Uzbekistan

Conservation status

Tilia americana threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286108-2
WFO ID wfo-0000457477
COL ID 56WNF
BDTFX ID 77027
INPN ID 160932
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tilia pubescens f. heteromorpha Tilia relicta Tilia stenopetala Tilia venulosa Tilia longifolia Tilia laxiflora Tilia lata Tilia inciso-dentata Tilia palmeri Tilia nigra Tilia nuda Tilia canadensis Tilia crenoserrata Tilia heterophylla Tilia latifolia Tilia hypoleuca Tilia phanera Tilia ashei Tilia alabamensis Tilia caroliniana Tilia georgiana Tilia michauxii Tilia truncata Tilia eburnea Tilia lasioclada Tilia littoralis Tilia floridana Tilia monticola Tilia porracea Tilia glabra Tilia leucocarpa Tilia australis Tilia neglecta Tilia pallida Tilia texana Tilia cocksii Tilia x excellens Tilia apposita Tilia tenera Tilia x stellata Tilia americana subsp. heterophylla Tilia americana var. heterophylla Tilia americana f. dentata Tilia pubescens f. gymnophila Tilia pubescens f. glabrata Tilia americana f. grandifolia Tilia americana f. pedunculata Tilia americana f. microptera Tilia americana f. cyclophylla Tilia americana var. americana Tilia pubescens var. leptophylla Tilia caroliniana subsp. heterophylla Tilia eburnea var. lasioclada Tilia alabamensis var. oblongifolia Tilia americana var. caroliniana Tilia americana var. neglecta Tilia americana var. scabra Tilia americana var. walteri Tilia caroliniana var. lata Tilia caroliniana var. rhoophila Tilia caroliniana var. vagans Tilia creno-serrata var. acuminata Tilia floridana var. alabamensis Tilia floridana var. australis Tilia floridana var. hypoleuca Tilia floridana var. oblongifolia Tilia georgiana var. crinita Tilia heterophylla var. amphiloba Tilia heterophylla var. michauxii Tilia heterophylla var. microdonta Tilia heterophylla var. nivea Tilia heterophylla var. tenera Tilia leucocarpa var. cocksii Tilia littoralis var. discolor Tilia longifolia var. dentata Tilia nigra var. laxiflora Tilia nigra var. macrophylla Tilia nuda var. brevipedunculata Tilia nuda var. glaucescens Tilia phanera var. scabrida Tilia pubescens var. aitonii Tilia pubescens var. ventenatii Tilia texana var. grosseserrata Tilia venulosa var. multinervis Tilia americana

Lower taxons

Tilia americana var. vestita