Toona ciliata M.Roem.

Indian mahogany (en)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Toona

Characteristics

Trees, medium sized to 30 m tall; trunk to 22 m tall, to 1.5 m d.b.h., with or without buttresses (to 3.5 m); crown usually rounded and spreading, occasionally dense. Bark grayish white to brown, usually fissured and flaking; inner bark brown to reddish, fibrous; sap-wood white, pink, or red, smelling strongly of cedar when cut. Twigs pilose to glabrescent, inconspicuously lenticellate with small lenticels. Leaves (15-)26-69 cm; petiole 6-11 cm, glabrous or pilose; rachis often reddish, glabrous or sparsely pilose, occasionally velutinous; leaflets usually (5-)9-15 pairs; petiolules 2-10(-14) mm, glabrescent, rarely pilose to velutinous; leaflet blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, (7-)9-12.8(-16) × (2.2-)3.2-5(-6) cm, glabrescent with trichomes on apical midvein or absent or sparse, occasionally moderately pilose, base usually asymmetric, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescences to 55 cm, pendent; rachis pilose to pilose-villous with short to long spreading or appressed trichomes. Flowers 3.5-5(-6) mm, sweetly scented. Pedicel 0.5-1 mm, usually pilose to occasionally villous. Calyx 0.7-1.3 mm, outside usually glabrescent, lobes imbricate; sepals spatulate, (0.4-)0.7-1 × (0.5-)0.7-1.3 mm, margins shortly ciliate. Petals white to creamy white, 3.5-5.8 × 1.3-3.1 mm, usually glabrescent, occasionally outside pilose, margin shortly ciliate. Androgynophore (1.7-)3-4.9(-5.5) mm; filaments 1.2-2.5 mm (male flowers), 0.7-1.8 mm (female flowers), glabrous to pilose/villous; anthers of male flowers 0.6-1.1 × 0.4-0.9 mm, apex usually apiculate, often with long appendage; antherodes of female flowers usually sagittate, 0.5-0.9 × 0.3-0.6 mm, often with a long apiculate appendage. Disk reddish orange, 1.2-2.5 mm in diam., densely pilose. Ovary 1.2-1.8 mm in diam., moderately pilose, with to 8 ovules per locule; style 1.2-3 × 0.2-0.4 mm (male), 0.3-1.5 × 0.3-0.5 mm (female), glabrous; stylehead 0.7-1.3 mm in diam. Capsule 1.5-2(-2.5) cm; columella 1.5-2(-2.4) × 0.5-0.7(-1) cm, concave with apical scarring; valves red to reddish brown, smooth to lenticellate with 0.1-0.5 mm in diam. scattered lenticels. Seeds 1.1-1.9 cm × 2.5-4(-5.8) mm, winged at both ends; wings unequal, apex narrowly obtuse; seed body 5-7 × 1.2-3 mm. Fl. Jan-Jun, fr. Feb-Nov.
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Medium-to large-sized tree to 35 m tall and 152 cm girth; bole to 22 m, with or without buttresses (to 3.5 m); crown usually rounded and spreading, occasionally dense. Bark greyish-white to brown, usually fissured and flaking; inner bark brown to reddish, fibrous; sapwood white to pink or red; smelling strongly of cedar when cut. Leaves (15 –)26–69 cm long, usually (5–)9–15-jugate; rachides glabrous to sparsely pilose, often reddish; petioles 6–11 cm long, glabrous to pilose. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, margins entire, (7–)9–12.8(–16) by (2.2–)3.2–5(–6) cm, glabrescent with hairs on upper midribs rare, apex acute to acuminate, base usually asymmetric; petio-lules 0.2–1 (–1.4) cm long, glabrescent. Inflorescences up to 55 cm, pendent, fragrant; rachides pilose to pilose-villous with short to long, spreading or appressed hairs; pedicels 0.5–1 mm, usually pilose, occasionally villous. Flowers 3.5–5(–6) mm long. Calyx 0.75–1.25 mm long, usually glabrescent externally, lobes imbricate; sepals spathulate, (0.4 –)0.75–1 by (0.5–)0.75–1.25 mm, margins ciliate. Petals white to creamy-white, 3.5–5.8 by 1.3–3.1 mm, usually glabrescent occasionally pilose externally, margins ciliate with long hairs. Androgynophore (1.75–)3–4.9(–5.5) mm long. Filaments 1.25–2.5 mm long (male flowers), 0.75–1.75 mm (female flowers), glabrous to pilose/ villous. Anthers 0.6–1.1 mm long, 0.4–0.9 mm broad, apices usually apiculate, often with long appendage. Antherodes 0.5–0.9 mm long, 0.3–0.6 mm broad, usually sagit-tate, often with long apiculate appendage. Disk 1.25–2.5 mm diam., reddish-orange, densely pilose. Ovary 1.25–1.8 mm diam., moderately pilose; locules to 8-ovulate. Style 1.2–3 mm long, 0.2–0.4 mm broad (male), 0.3–1.5 mm long, c. 0.3 mm broad (female), glabrous; stylehead 0.75–1.25 mm diam. Capsule 15–20(–25) mm long; columella 15–20(–24) mm long, 5–7(–10) mm broad, concave with apical scarring; valves reddish-brown, smooth to lenticellate with small (0.1–0.5 mm diam.) scattered lenticels. Seeds winged at both ends, 11–19 by 2.5–4(–5.8) mm, wings unequal, api-ces narrowly obtuse; seed body 5–7 by 1.2–3 mm.
Deciduous tree to 40 m tall with bole to 3 m diam. and buttresses to 3.5 m tall; bark flaking irregularly. Leaves usually 15–50 cm long, usually 4–10-jugate, usually glabrescent with hairy domatia in axils of veins of leaflet abaxial surface, red when young; petiole 4–11 cm long; leaflets usually 4–10 cm long, 1.5–5 cm wide, ovate to lanceolate or even subfalcate, asymmetric at base, acuminate at apex; petiolules usually 4–10 mm long. Thyrses to 50 cm long. Sepals spathulate; margins ciliate. Petals usually 4–5 mm long, white; margins ciliate. Stamens usually 5; filaments pilose; staminodes absent. Style glabrous. Capsule to 26 mm long, 8 mm wide, ellipsoid, opening by lenticellate valves. Seeds 4–7 per locule, winged at both ends.
NB Naming of plant confused. A large spreading tree. It loses its leaves. It grows 15-25 m high. The trunk is thick. The bark is dark grey and rough. It cracks into squares. The leaves are large and compound. They can be 90 cm long and have 10-14 pairs of narrow leaflets. These are 15 cm long. They have unequal sides. They taper to the tip. The edges are wavy. The veins are light green. The flowers are bell shaped. They are small and white. They occur in long sprays. The fruit are brown capsules. They split open in a star shape. The seeds have wings.
Tree up to 25 m. tall.. Leaflets 10–24, entire, lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, up to 15 × 5 cm., gradually tapering from near the base to the long, narrow, attenuate-acuminate apex; proximal lateral nerves on lower surface with minute deltate axillary pockets (domatia) with minute apical hairs.. Inflorescence up to 35 cm. long.. Capsule delicate, 1.5–2 cm. long, valves without conspicuous lenticels.. Fig. 13/7–12.
Tree, up to 25 m high. Leaves pinnate; leaflets entire, lanceolate to ovate. Inflorescence paniculate. Capsule 20 mm long. Flowers white.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 30.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Common to abundant in shade or open habitats: valleys, ravines, woods, thickets, forests, hillsides, mountaintops, slopes, near rivers and streams, especially throughout Yunnan, at elevations of 400-2,800 metres.
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A tropical plant. It grows up to 1,850 m above sea level in East Africa. In tropical Queensland it grows from sea level to 1000 m altitude. In XTBG Yunnan. In Sichuan.
Light 1-9
Soil humidity 4-9
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

UsesThe timber is highly valued, especially in India and Australia; it is used in house and boat construction, for high grade furniture and carvings, and to make tea-chests, oil casks, pencils, musical instruments. The flowers are used as a source of red and yellow dyes for silk, cotton and wool fabrics and as an emmenagogue. The leaves and young shoots are lopped for cattle fodder in India. Various parts are used medici-nally throughout its geographical range; the bark is a powerful astringent, a tonic and an antiperiodic, and used to treat dysentry and wounds (Brandis 1874; Burkill 1935). The limonoid, cedrelone, exhibits antifeedant properties against a variety of insects, e. g. in-hibiting noctuid larval growth but is believed not to affect the insect’s endocrine system [ Koul & Isman Entom. Exp. Appl. 64 1992 281 ].
Uses construction dye essential oil fiber fodder medicinal oil ornamental poison tea timber wood
Edible leaves
Therapeutic use Anthelmintics (bark), Aphrodisiacs (bark), Astringents (bark), Bronchitis (bark), Cough (bark), Dysentery (bark), Expectorants (bark), Fever (bark), Leprosy (bark), Menstruation disturbances (bark), Menstruation-inducing agents (bark), General tonic for rejuvenation (bark), Skin diseases (bark), Ulcer (bark), Antiperiodic (bark), Depurative (bark), Menstruation disturbances (flower), Menstruation-inducing agents (flower), Sclerosis(Spleen) (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Menstruation disturbances (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by seedlings.
Mode seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 18 - 34
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Toona ciliata unspecified picture

Distribution

Toona ciliata world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bhutan, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Micronesia (Federated States of), Honduras, India, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Sao Tome and Principe, Thailand, United States of America, Viet Nam, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe

Conservation status

Toona ciliata threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:579299-1
WFO ID wfo-0000455531
COL ID 7CHJ4
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID 445783
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Swietenia toon Toona ciliata Cedrela toona var. pilistaminea Cedrela toona var. deccana Cedrela toona var. cuspidata Cedrela toona var. stracheyi Cedrela toona var. pilipetala Cedrela toona var. gamblei Cedrela toona var. talbotii Cedrela toona var. puberula Cedrela toona var. warburgii Toona ciliata var. ciliata Toona sureni var. pubescens Cedrela toona var. multijuga Toona febrifuga var. griffithiana Toona febrifuga var. ternatensis

Lower taxons

Toona ciliata subsp. nepalensis Toona ciliata var. listeri Toona ciliata var. latifolia Toona ciliata var. kingii Toona ciliata var. haslettii Toona ciliata var. pubinervis Toona ciliata var. pilistila Toona ciliata var. yunnanensis