Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem.

Cédrèle (fr), Toona de Chine (fr), Cèdre de Chine (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Toona

Characteristics

Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 20 m tall, to 1.5 m d.b.h., buttressed. Bark gray to dark brown, fissured; inner bark pink to red, fibrous; sap-wood cream-colored to red, fibrous, smelling strongly of garlic and pepper when cut. Leaves 32-120 cm; petiole 5.5-20 cm, glabrous or pilose; rachis often reddish, glabrous or pilose; leaflets usually 8-20 pairs; petiolules 3-9 mm, glabrescent; leaflet blades narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 11-22 × 3-5.6 cm, glabrous or pilose especially on midvein and secondary veins, with club-shaped glandular trichomes conspicuous on adaxial midvein areas and junction between leaf rachis and petiolules, base asymmetric, margin serrate, serrulate, or rarely entire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences to 1 m, pendent; rachis pilose, villous, or glabrescent, with short appressed or spreading simple trichomes. Flowers 3.5-4.5 mm. Pedicel ca. 0.5 mm, pilose to glabrescent. Calyx cup-shaped, 1-1.5 mm, outside glabrous; sepals 0.5-1.1 × 0.6-1.8 mm, margins ciliate. Petals white or flushed pink, 2.8-4.2 × 1.1-2.9 mm, outside glabrous, margin not ciliate. Androgynophore 2.5-4 mm, glabrous; staminodes always present, (1-)5, 0.7-1.8 mm, glabrous; filaments 1.3-1.8 mm (male flowers), 1-1.5 mm (female flowers), glabrous; anthers of male flowers 0.8-1.2 × 0.5-0.8 mm; antherodes of female flowers 0.3-0.8 × 0.3-0.5 mm, apex apiculate and sometimes extended. Disk orange, 1-1.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Ovary 1.6-2.3 mm in diam., glabrous, with to 6 ovules per locule; style 1.1-1.5 × ca. 0.5 mm (male), 0.5-0.8 × 0.3-0.4 mm (female), glabrous; stylehead 0.5-1 mm in diam. Capsule 1.5-3 cm; columella 1.2-2.9 × 0.6-1.1 cm, convex; valves reddish to dark brown, 1.5-3 × 0.4-0.7 cm, smooth or occasionally punctate but not conspicuously lenticellate, with only 0.3-0.5 mm in diam. scattered lenticels. Seeds 0.8-1.6 cm × 3.5-6.2 mm, winged at one end; seed body 0.8-1 cm × 1.7-4 mm. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Aug-Jan.
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Tree to 40 m; bole to 20 m and girth to 150 cm, buttressed. Bark grey to dark brown, fissured; inner bark pink to red, fibrous; sapwood cream, fibrous; smelling strongly of garlic and pepper when cut. Leaves 32–120 cm long, usually 8–20-jugate; rachides glabrous to pilose, often reddish; petioles 5.5–20 cm long, glabrous to pilose. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, serrate or serrulate, rarely entire, 11–22 by 3– 5.6 cm, glabrous to pilose, especially on the midribs and veins, club-shaped glandular hairs conspicuous on upper midrib areas and junctions between leaf rachides and petio-lules, apex acuminate, base asymmetric; petiolules 3–9 mm long, glabrescent. Inflores-cences up to 1 m, pendent, rachides glabrescent, pilose or villous with short appressed or spreading staple hairs; pedicels c. 0.5 mm, glabrescent to pilose. Flowers 3.5–4.5 mm long. Calyx cupulate, 1–1.5 mm long, glabrous externally; sepals 0.5–1.1 by 0.6– 1.75 mm, margins ciliate. Petals white or flushed pink, 2.8–4.2 by 1.1–2.9 mm, glabrous externally, margins non-ciliate. Androgynophore 2.5–4 mm long, glabrous. Staminodes always present, usually 5, sometimes 1–4, 0.75–1.75 mm long, glabrous. Filaments 1.3–1.75 mm long (male flowers), 1–1.5 mm long (female flowers), glabrous. Anthers 0.8–1.2 mm long, 0.5–0.75 mm broad. Antherodes 0.3–0.8 mm long, 0.3– 0.5 mm broad, apices apiculate, sometimes extended. Disk 1–1.5 mm diam., orange, glabrous. Ovary 1.6–2.25 mm diam., glabrous; locules to 6-ovulate. Style 1.1–1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm broad (male), 0.5–0.8 mm long, 0.3–0.4 mm broad (female), glabrous; stylehead 0.5–1 mm diam. Capsule 15–30 mm long; columella 12–29 mm long, 6–11 mm broad, convex; valves reddish to dark brown, 15–30 by 4–7 mm, elenticellate and smooth to punctate with small (0.3–0.5 mm diam.) scattered lenticels. Seeds winged at one end, 8–16 by 3.5–6.2 mm; seed body 8–10 by 1.7–4 mm.
A deciduous tree. It grows 20-30 m tall. The trunk is 60-100 cm across. The trunk is straight with few branches. The leaves are 60 cm long. There are 10-24 leaflets along the stalks. The leaves have teeth along the edge. The leaflets are red-bronze when young and turn yellow before they fall. The flowers are cream and small. They have a scent. They occur in drooping panicles. These are 30 cm long. The fruit is a woody brown capsule. It is 3 cm long. There are several winged seeds.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.5
Mature height (meter) 20.0 - 30.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A subtropical plant. It is native to China. It grows on mountains between 800 and 2,000 m altitude. It suits subtropical and temperate climates. It needs deep loamy-sandy soil. It suits a pH of 5.5-8 and does well on calcareous soils. It suits hardiness zones 6-11. In Yunnan. In Sichuan.
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Primary montane forests, especially on steep hillsides or open slopes, sometimes near streams; also occurring in ravines, mixed or secondary forests, disturbed areas; at elevations from 100-2,900 metres.
Primary montane forests, especially on steep hillsides or open slopes, sometimes near streams; also occurring in ravines, mixed or secondary forests, disturbed areas; at elevations from 100-2,900 metres.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 3-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 2-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 5-10

Usage

UsesThe timber is used for furniture and sieve hoop making, and in bridge con-struction. The leaves are used as food in China and Malaysia, and as animal fodder in India (Burkill 1930). The trees are widely used medicinally, with the bark being used as an astringent and depurative; powdered root as a refreshment and a diuretic, and tender leaves as a carminative (Perry 1980). Cultivated plants in Europe include cv. Flamingo with brightly coloured young leaves.
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Young leaves are eaten. They are boiled, mixed with vinegar and eaten with rice. They are also pickled. The leaves are eaten as a tea substitute. The young buds are blanched and eaten as a vegetable. Salted leaves are eaten cold with sesame oil and fresh bean curd. The fruit are edible.
Uses construction environmental use fodder food gum material medicinal oil ornamental tea timber wood
Edible fruits leaves shoots
Therapeutic use Carminative (unspecified), Dysentery (unspecified), Enteritis (unspecified), Flux (unspecified), Poison (unspecified), Metrorrhagia (unspecified), Refrigerant (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from seeds. Seeds need extensive cold treatment for 2-3 months. Then they are soaked in warm water for 24 hours before sowing. They are best grown in a nursery and then transplanted. They can be grown by root cuttings.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) 21
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) 30 - 38
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Toona sinensis unspecified picture

Distribution

Toona sinensis world distribution map, present in Bhutan, China, Indonesia, India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Thailand, Taiwan, Province of China, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Conservation status

Toona sinensis threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:579315-1
WFO ID wfo-0000455502
COL ID 7CHJF
BDTFX ID 68533
INPN ID 126827
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Toona sinensis Cedrela serrata Surenus sinensis Ailanthus flavescens Ailanthus mairei Cedrela longifolia Cedrela glabra Cedrela sinensis Toona serrata Cedrela chinensis Surenus glabra Surenus serrata Toona longifolia Toona glabra Cedrela sinensis var. hupehana Cedrela sinensis var. schensiana Cedrela longifolia var. kumaona Toona sinensis var. sinensis Toona sinensis var. schensiana Toona sinensis var. hupehana Cedrela sinensis var. lanceolata Toona sinensis var. incarvillei Toona sinensis var. denticulata Toona sinensis var. glabra Toona sinensis var. grandifolia Toona sinensis var. puberula Toona sinensis var. carmesinixylon Cedrela longiflora var. kumaona