Toona sureni Merr.

Species

Angiosperms > Sapindales > Meliaceae > Toona

Characteristics

Trees, medium sized to 40 m tall; trunk to 25 m tall, to 3 m d.b.h., with or without buttresses (to 2 m); crown fairly wide, spreading, occasionally dense. Bark whitish, grayish brown, gray, or light brown, usually vertically fissured and flaking; inner bark pinkish white, pinkish brown, reddish brown, or orange, fibrous; sap-wood white, pink, or pale red, sweetly aromatic when cut. Twigs pilose and often densely and prominently lenticellate with conspicuous verrucose lenticels. Leaves 29-84 cm; petiole 7-12 cm, pilose to glabrescent, often lenticellate; rachis moderately pilose to glabrescent, occasionally velutinous; leaflets usually 6-9(-12) pairs; petiolules (2-)4-12 mm, pilose/villous to glabrescent; leaflet blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 7-14(-19.5) × 3.1-6(-7) cm, often dark grayish brown, moderately pilose to glabrescent, usually with short trichomes and club-glands apically on midveins, veins basally pilose to villous/velutinous, base symmetrical to asymmetrical, margin entire, apex acuminate to occasionally acute. Inflorescences to 40 cm, pendent; rachis pilose to villous with medium to long spreading trichomes, occasionally glabrescent. Flowers 4-5 mm, sweetly aromatic. Pedicel (0.3-)0.7-1.3 mm, pilose to villous. Calyx 1-1.5 mm, outside pilose to glabrescent, lobes imbricate; sepals usually shallowly triangular especially in bud, 0.6-1 × 0.8-1.5 mm, outside villous to glabrescent, margins ciliate, apex usually acute. Petals white, creamy white, or pale pink, 3.5-5 × 1.6-3.2 mm, outside villous to glabrescent but in bud usually with conspicuous ciliate bands of long appressed trichomes on margins. Androgynophore 2.5-4.7 mm; filaments 1.2-2.5 mm (male flowers), 1-1.3 mm (female flowers), pilose to villous with scattered to dense long trichomes; anthers of male flowers 0.7-1.3 × 0.3-0.8 mm, apex usually apiculate; antherodes of female flowers sagittate, 0.5-0.9 × 0.2-0.6 mm. Disk orange to red, 1.2-2.5 mm in diam., densely pilose. Ovary 1.6-2.8 mm in diam., moderately to densely pilose, with to 6 ovules per locule; style 1.2-3 × 0.2-0.5 mm (male), 0.5-1 × ca. 0.3 mm (female), pilose with scattered usually appressed trichomes especially on basal half; stylehead 0.7-1.3 mm in diam. Capsule 1.4-2(-2.4) cm; columella 1.4-2(-2.4) × 0.5-0.8(-1) cm, concave with apical scarring; valves dark brown to blackish brown, rough, verrucose, with conspicuous and often ovoid 0.3-2 × 0.4-1.3 mm rusty lenticels. Seeds 1.1-2(-2.2) cm × (3-)4-4.8 mm, winged at both ends, wings unequal with broadly obtuse apices; seed body 5-8 × 1.5-2 mm. Fl. Apr, fr. Apr-May.
More
Medium-to large-sized tree to 40 m tall and >3 m girth; bole to 25 m, with or without buttresses (to 2 m); crown fairly wide, spreading, occasionally dense. Bark whitish, grey-brown, grey or light-brown, usually vertically fissured and flaking; inner bark pinkish-white,-brown, reddish-brown or-orange, fibrous; sapwood white, pink or pale red; sweetly aromatic when cut. Twigs often prominently lenticellate with verru-cose lenticels. Leaves 29–84 cm long, usually 6–9(–12)-jugate; rachides glabrescent to moderately pilose, occasionally velutinous; petioles 7–12 cm long, glabrescent to pilose, often lenticellate. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, margins entire, 7–14(–19.5) by 3–6(–7) cm, glabrescent to moderately pilose, usually with short hairs and club-glands on the upper midribs, lower vascular system pilose, apices acuminate, occasionally acute, bases symmetrical to asymmetrical; petiolules (0.2–)0.4–1.2 cm long, glabrescent to pilose/villous. Inflorescences up to 40 cm long, pendent, sweetly aromatic; rachides pilose to villous with medium to long spreading hairs, occasionally glabrescent; pedicels (0.3–)0.75–1.25 mm long, pilose to villous. Flowers 4–5 mm long. Calyx 1–1.5 mm long, glabrescent to pilose externally, lobes imbricate; sepals usually triangular, espe-cially in bud, 0.6–1 by 0.8–1.5 mm, glabrescent to villous externally, apices usually acute, margins ciliate. Petals white, creamy-white or pinkish, 3.5–5 by 1.6–3.2 mm, glabrescent to villous, but usually with conspicuous central bands of long appressed hairs in bud, margins ciliate with long hairs. Androgynophore 2.5–4.7 mm long. Fila-ments 1.25–2.5 mm long (male flowers), 1–1.3 mm long (female flowers), pilose to villous with scattered to dense long hairs. Anthers 0.75–1.25 mm long, 0.3–0.8 mm broad, apices usually apiculate. Antherodes 0.5–0.9 mm long, 0.25–0.6 mm broad, sagittate. Disk 1.25–2.5 mm diam., orange to red, densely pilose. Ovary 1.6–2.75 mm diam., moderately to densely pilose; locules to 6-ovulate. Style 1.25–3 mm long, 0.25– 0.5 mm broad (male), 0.5–1 mm long, c. 0.3 mm broad (female), pilose with scattered usually appressed hairs especially on the lower half; stylehead 0.75–1.25 mm diam. Capsule 14–20(–24) mm long; columella 14–20(–24) mm long, 5–8(–10) mm broad, concave with apical scarring; valves dark-to blackish-brown, rough, verrucose with conspicuous, often ovate rusty lenticels, 0.3–2 by 0.4–1.25 mm. Seeds winged at both ends, 11–20(–22) by (3–)4–4.8 mm, wings unequal with broadly obtuse apices; seed body 5–8 by 1.5–2 mm.
A tree. It grows 40 m tall. The trunk can be 1-3 m across. The crown is wide spreading. The leaves have leaflets along the stalk. The leaves are 29-84 cm long. They are clustered in spirals near the ends of twigs. The flowering shoots are near the tips of branches. The fruit are leathery capsules 25 mm long.
Life form perennial
Growth form tree
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality monoecy
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) -
Mature height (meter) 40.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

A canopy tree in primary forest, but is more common in secondary forest, often on riparian hillsides and slopes, at elevations from 700-1,700 metres. Open hillsides, occasional in ravines, forests, and woods.
More
It is a tropical plant. It grows up to 1,700 m above sea level.
Light 7-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-4
Soil acidity -
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 8-12

Usage

UsesThe timber is said to be ‘excellent’ (Don 1832). Medicinally, the bark is used as a powerful astringent and a purative throughout its range [see Horsfield Verh. Batav. Gen. Wet. 8 1816 125 ]; in Indochina it is considered to be a tonic, an antiperi-odic and an antirheumatic, while in Indonesia it is used as an astringent and a tonic for treating diarrhoea, dysentery and other intestinal infections. Leaf extracts apparently have an antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus, with leaf tip concoctions being ap-plied to swellings (Perry 1980).
More
The young shoots are cooked.
Uses animal food dye environmental use essential oil fiber food fuel invertebrate food material medicinal social use tea timber wood
Edible leaves shoots
Therapeutic use Dysentery (unspecified), Fever (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants can be grown from fresh seed. It grows quickly.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) -
Germination temperacture (C°) -
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Toona sureni unspecified picture

Distribution

Toona sureni world distribution map, present in Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, India, Kenya, Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Viet Nam

Conservation status

Toona sureni threat status: Least Concern

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:579316-1
WFO ID wfo-0000455518
COL ID 7CHJG
BDTFX ID -
INPN ID -
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR)

Synonyms

Toona sureni Swietenia sureni Cedrela celebica Cedrela febrifuga Cedrela sureni Toona febrifuga Surenus febrifuga Toona sureni var. celebica Cedrela toona var. henryi Cedrela febrifuga var. glabrior Cedrela febrifuga var. assamensis Cedrela febrifuga var. pealii Cedrela febrifuga var. verrucosa Toona ciliata var. henryi Toona ciliata var. candollei Toona ciliata var. grandifoliola Toona hexandra var. pilistila Toona sureni var. glabrior

Lower taxons

Toona sureni var. inodora