Tropaeolum majus L.

Monks cress (en), Grande capucine (fr), Grande Capucine (fr), Capucine élevée (fr), Capucine à grandes fleurs (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Brassicales > Tropaeolaceae > Tropaeolum

Characteristics

Glabrous aromatic annual or short-lived perennial with long trailing or scrambling, succulent stems, sometimes climbing to 2 m high. Lvs simple, peltate. Petioles to c. 30 cm long, usually not coiling. Lamina to c. 18-(21) cm diam., suborbicular, often slightly asymmetric, entire but often sinuate, glaucescent beneath. Fls usually solitary, sometimes in clusters of 2-3; pedicels resembling petioles in length and form. Calyx somewhat irregular, pale orange; sepals 1.5-2.2 cm long, narrow-ovate to narrowly ovate-oblong, the dorsal and 2 lateral sepals larger; spur 2.5-3.3 cm long, ± curved, tapering, usually pale orange. Corolla moderately irregular, (2)-3-4 × (1.7)-2.2-3.3 cm, usually yellow or orange to scarlet, sometimes semi-double with 7-8 petals; lower 3 petals with very slender claw and broad-ovate to almost reniform limb, the limb fimbriate at base and ± sinuate or undulate; upper 2 petals with claw broader and adnate to calyx at base, often with crimson markings on claw and lower limb. Supernumary petals usually 0, but if present, similar to lower 3 but smaller. Stamens yellow to reddish, the same colour as corolla. Frs dry; carpels with 2 flattened faces and the third or dorsal side rounded and obtusely ribbed, remaining green until abscission, usually 1-2 remaining small; fertile carpels 1-1.4 cm long.
More
Climbing or prostrate annual vine, often stout or almost fleshy, normally glabrous. Leaves rarely somewhat pubescent at base; petioles to 15-20 cm long; laminae large, to 10 by 10 cm or more, suborbicular, peltate with 7-11 unforked principal nerves, the margin entire or undulate, the apex in adult leaves not mucronate. Flowers single; peduncles of the same length as the petioles or shorter; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, 15-18 mm long, basally 8-9 mm broad, the superior lobes somewhat smaller, like the spur often yellowish green or green; spur stout, inflated in the lower half, darker apically, slightly curved, 25-35 mm long; superior petals cuneate, somewhat undulate, emucronate, 30-40 mm long, inferior petals unguiculate, ciliate, the blade 15-20 by 15-20 mm, the claw 12-15 mm long, nerves and maculation from light lemon to blackish purple. Fruiting carpels to 10 mm long, fleshy, with rugose ribs.
Herbs, annual, trailing, glabrous or nearly so. Leaf blade orbicular to somewhat reniform, 3-10 cm in diam., peltate and with 9 main nerves radiating from petiole, margin variously angled or sinuate but otherwise entire, abaxial surface usually papillose. Flowers axillary, solitary, yellow, orange, purple, maroon, creamy white, or varicolored, 2.5-6 cm in diam. Pedicel 6-13 cm. Torus cup-shaped. Sepals 5, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 × 0.5-0.7 cm; spur 2.5-3.5 cm, straight or curved. Petals 5, apex mostly rounded but sometimes shortly pointed or even toothed; apical 2 petals 2.5-5 × 1-1.8 cm, margin often entire; basal 3 petals with margin deeply fringed on claw. Stamens 8, distinct, unequal. Ovary 3-loculed; style 1; stigma linear, 3-lobed. Fruit oblate, separating into 3 1-seeded mericarps at maturity. Fl. Jun-Oct, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 28.
Herb, perennial (sometimes annual), trailing or climbing, with stems to c. 2 m long or more. Leaves peltate; petioles to 20 cm long, attached slightly eccentrically; blades c. circular to reniform, 3–13 cm diam., with c. 9 main radiating veins, often waxy, sparsely glandular to pilose beneath; pedicels c. equal to petioles or slightly longer. Flowers yellow, orange or red, usually streaked darker internally. Calyx 12–20 mm long (excluding spur); lobes free for 8–15 mm; spur narrowly conical, 18–35 mm long. Petals obovate to c. orbicular, 12–25 mm diam.; upper pair with claw glabrous, 2–6 mm long; lower 3 with claw bearded, 5–10 mm long. Stamens about as long as claws of lower 3 petals. Style shorter than stamens. Mericarps ±semicircular, 7–10 mm long, ribbed dorsally, slightly fleshy.
Plants trailing, 15-100(-250) cm; glabrous or glabrate. Leaves: petiole 5-25 cm; blade with ca. 9 veins radiating from petiole, 3-10(-12) cm diam., abaxial surface usually papillose. Pedicels 6-13(-18) cm. Flowers 2.5-6 cm diam.; sepals light brown, oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-2 × 0.5-0.7 cm; spur straight or slightly curved, 2.5-3.5 cm; petals yellow, orange, purple, maroon, creamy white, or varicolored, mostly rounded, apex sometimes acuminate or emarginate, proximal 3 petals 2 × 2 cm, distal 2 petals usually entire, 2.5-5 × 1-1.8 cm, claw to 1.5 cm, claw margin deeply fringed; stamens 0.5-0.6 mm; anthers 0.5 mm; style 0.5-0.6 cm; stigmas 0.6-0.9 mm. Fruits oblate, 1.5-2 cm diam. Seeds 5-8 mm diam. 2n = 28.
Annual herb, up to 0.3 m high; slightly succulent. Stems trailing or climbing, up to 1 m long. Leaves glabrous; blade orbicular, variable in size, ± 30-150 mm in diameter, margins entire or shallowly lobed, upper surface green, prominently veined, lower surface paler; petioles up to 300 mm long. Flowers: solitary on long pedicels; corolla 25-60 mm in diameter, dark orange, shades of red and yellow or yellow with red markings; Oct.-Apr. Fruit of 3 mericarps; seeds elongate, 10-15 mm long.
A creeping climbing annual herb. It grows to 60-300 cm high and can spread to several m wide with long branches. The leaves are small and round. They are light green. Leaves are 2.5-6 cm across. The edges of the leaves are wavy. The veins radiate out from the centre. It has trumpet like flowers. The flowers are orange and yellow and have a pointy piece at the back of the flower. Several ornamental varieties have been bred by hybridisation.
Life form annual
Growth form herb
Growth support climber
Foliage retention deciduous
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination -
Spread -
Mature width (meter) 1.0
Mature height (meter) 1.5 - 2.0
Root system -
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a subtropical plant. It prefers a sunny position. It is mainly seen between 600 and 1800 m altitude in Papua New Guinea. It is damaged by frost. It can tolerate drought. They need a temperature above 3°C. In Argentina it grows below 800 m above sea level. It can grow in arid places. It suits hardiness zones 9-11. In Sichuan and Yunnan.
More
Coastal and disturbed areas from sea level to 3,000 metres.
Coastal and disturbed areas from sea level to 3000 metres.
Usually in disturbed areas, often in sandy soils.
Light 6-9
Soil humidity 2-5
Soil texture 3-6
Soil acidity 3-8
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 9-11

Usage

The leaves, flower petals and seeds are all edible and have a hot peppery taste. The leaves and flowers are eaten raw. They are used in salads, sandwiches, vegetable dishes and are stuffed like grape leaves. The flowers can be added to vinegars. The flower buds and young fruit are used as a substitute for capers in sauce. The mature seeds can be eaten roasted. They can be used as a pepper substitute.
More
Widely cultivated as an ornamental, often as a ground cover. Leaves and fertile parts with culinary uses. Its fruit (which may be pickled) and flowers taste like capers and are used to garnish salads. The leaves are radish-like in taste.  
Uses environmental use food gene source material medicinal non-vertebrate poison oil ornamental seasoning
Edible flowers fruits leaves pods seeds
Therapeutic use Anti-bacterial agents (flower), Antifungal agents (flower), Wounds and injuries (flower), Anti-bacterial agents (fruit), Antifungal agents (fruit), Anti-infective agents (fruit), Anti-bacterial agents (leaf), Antifungal agents (leaf), Common cold (leaf), Cathartics (seed), Antibiotic (unspecified), Bactericide (unspecified), Cancer (unspecified), Cystitis (unspecified), Depurative (unspecified), Diuretic (unspecified), Emmenagogue (unspecified), Fever (unspecified), Fungicide (unspecified), Itch (unspecified), Kidney (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Ringworm (unspecified), Scurvy (unspecified), Sore (unspecified), Spice (unspecified), Stimulant (unspecified), Urogenital (unspecified), Eye (unspecified), Inflammation (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Lung (unspecified), Asthma (unspecified), Cold (unspecified), Cystitis? (unspecified), Bladder (unspecified), Tuberculosis, lymph node (unspecified)
Human toxicity weak toxic (seed), weak toxic (whole)
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Plants are grown from seed. Plants reseed easily. Seed should be soaked overnight before sowing. Seed are sown 6-12 mm deep. Plants should be spaced 15-30 cm apart.
Mode cuttings seedlings
Germination duration (days) 9 - 15
Germination temperacture (C°) 17 - 20
Germination luminosity -
Germination treatment -
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Tropaeolum majus habit picture by Perez F (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus habit picture by Trap Hers (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus habit picture by Antonio Carmona (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Tropaeolum majus leaf picture by pierric Permezel (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus leaf picture by ANDRE BRONNER (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus leaf picture by peter (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Tropaeolum majus flower picture by Tonho Antonio (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus flower picture by Dupuy Jerome (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus flower picture by Cécile lnd (cc-by-sa)

Fruit

Tropaeolum majus fruit picture by Barvová Soňa (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus fruit picture by John Lang Wilson (cc-by-sa)
Tropaeolum majus fruit picture by Joël Macé (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Tropaeolum majus world distribution map, present in Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Bhutan, Chile, China, Cameroon, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Spain, France, Gibraltar, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Croatia, Haiti, India, Jamaica, Morocco, Mexico, Myanmar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Niue, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Portugal, Réunion, El Salvador, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Taiwan, Province of China, United States of America, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, and South Africa

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310974-2
WFO ID wfo-0000459744
COL ID 7CVJH
BDTFX ID 69905
INPN ID 127885
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Tropaeolum x chaixianum Tropaeolum naudinii Tropaeolum atrosanguineum Trophaeum zanderi Tropaeolum repandifolium Tropaeolum scheuerianum Tropaeolum majus Nasturtium indicum Cardamindum majus Trophaeum chaixianum Trophaeum atrosanguineum Tropaeolum x zanderi Trophaeum pinnatum Trophaeum majus Tropaeolum quinquelobum Tropaeolum pinnatum Trophaeum naudinii Trophaeum scheunerianum