Viola biflora L.

Arctic yellow violet (en), Violette à deux fleurs (fr), Pensée à deux fleurs (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Violaceae > Viola

Characteristics

Herbs perennial. Rhizome erect or obliquely ascending, slender or slightly robust, noded, with numerous rootlets. Stems 2 or several fasciculate, erect or obliquely ascending, 10-25 cm tall, slender, 3-5-noded, usually glabrous or sparsely puberulous when young. Basal leaves 2 to several; petiole 4-8 cm; leaf blade reniform, broadly ovate, or suborbicular to orbicular, 1-3 × 1-4.5 cm, abaxially glabrous, adaxially sparsely puberulous, sometimes puberulous on both surfaces, base cordate or subtruncate, margin obtusely dentate or shallowly repand-crenate, apex obtuse. Stipules free, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 mm, margin entire or remotely denticulate, apex acute; cauline leaves shortly petiolate; petiole glabrous or puberulous; leaf blade smaller than basal ones. Flowers yellow, sometimes whitish at late anthesis; pedicels 1-6 cm, slender, 2-bracteolate at upper part; bracteoles lanceolate. Sepals linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 3-4 mm, apex acute, basal auricles very short, margin membranous, glabrous or shortly ciliate in middle and lower parts. Petals oblong-obovate, 6-8 mm, purple veined, lateral ones inside not barbate, anterior one ca. 1 cm (spur included); spur shortly cylindric, 0.5-2.5 mm; spur of anterior stamens shortly triangular. Ovary glabrous; styles clavate, base slightly geniculate, deeply 2-lobed in upper half, lobes obliquely spreading, with a conspicuous stigma hole in between lobes. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 4-7 mm, glabrous.
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Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 3–20(–25) cm. Stems 1–3+, ascending or erect, leafy proximally and distally, glabrous, on caudex from fleshy rhizome. Leaves basal and cauline; basal: 2–3(–4); stipules ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, margins entire, apex ± acute; petiole 1.5–15 cm, glabrous; blade broadly reniform to orbiculate, 0.5–4.6 × 0.9–6.4 cm, base cordate, margins crenate to crenate-serrate, ciliate, apex obtuse, rounded, or truncate, rarely with terminal point, abaxial surface sparsely puberulent on veins, adaxial surface glabrate to ± densely puberulent; cauline similar to basal except: stipules lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, margins entire to erose, apex acute to obtuse; petiole 0.3–7(–10) cm; blade sometimes ovate, 0.8–3.7 × 1–4.8 cm. Peduncles 2–9 cm, usually glabrous. Flowers: sepals with or without purple stripe on both sides of midvein, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, margins ciliate or eciliate, auricles 0.5–1 mm; petals deep lemon-yellow on both surfaces, lower 3 and often upper 2 brownish purple-veined, lateral 2 beardless, lowest 6–15 mm, spur yellow to yellowish green, gibbous, 2–2.5 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. Capsules oblong-ovoid, 3–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Seeds purple, sometimes streaked with light and dark brown, 1.5–2.5 mm.
Perennial; rhizome horizontal or oblique, more or less stout, roots on lower surface, leaves and stems at apex. Stems up to 8 cm, slender, ascending to erect, with leaves along their length and flowers distally. Leaves ¾-1¼ by 1-2½ cm, 1¼-2times as broad as long, reniform to broadly ovate, more or less deeply cordate, rounded to broadly obtuse, subcrenate to repand-dentate, especially on lobes, subcoriaceous, glabrous beneath, sparsely hirsute towards margins and on veins above, dark green; petiole ½-5 cm, slender. Stipules 2-4 by 2-3 mm, ovate, acute, entire to sparsely denticulate, glabrous, fuscous, free. Flowers 8-12 mm, yellow with brownish-purple veins; peduncle 1.4-8 cm, much exceeding leaves, slender. Sepals 3-4 by c. 1 mm, linear to linear-oblong, acute, glabrous or shortly ciliate on margin, fuscous, with margin scarious; appendage up to ½ mm, rounded, glabrous. Petals 2-3 times as long as broad, obovate to almost oblong, basal exceeding the others, laterals not bearded; spur 1-1½ mm, cylindrical, obtuse. Style 1.2-1½ mm, slightly geniculate at base, clavate distally, apex with 2 lateral lobes fused behind, no stigmatic beak. Capsule 4-6 mm, oblong to ellipsoid, glabrous.
A herb. It grows 10-20 cm high and spreads 15-25 cm wide. It forms mounds. The leaves have shallow teeth and are faintly downy. The leaves are heart or kidney shaped. They are 30 mm long. The flowers are pale yellow with dark streaks. They are 18 mm wide.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support free-standing
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread myrmecochory
Mature width (meter) 0.18 - 0.23
Mature height (meter) 0.1 - 0.2
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Fruit color -
Fruiting months
JanFebMar
AprMayJun
JulAugSep
OctNovDec
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

Alpine or subalpine meadows, thickets, forest margins and rocky crevices; at elevations from 2,500-4,000 metres. In sunny or half-shaded grasslands and forests, on rocks along streams, in subalpine and alpine zones.
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It is a temperate plant. It grows between 2000-4000 m altitude in Uttar Pradesh. In temperate China it grows on alpine meadows and grassy slopes between 2,500-4,300 m above sea level. It suits hardiness zones 3-9.
Alpine grassland, among rocks and grass tussocks, 3000-3500 m. Fl Oct.-March.
Light 3-6
Soil humidity 4-7
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-7
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 4-9

Usage

The leaves and flowers are used as a substitute for tea.
Uses incense medicinal tea
Edible flowers leaves
Therapeutic use Antiseptic (unspecified), Diaphoretic (unspecified), Emollient (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified), Laxative (unspecified), Emetic (unspecified), Pectoral (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by divisions or seedlings. Seeds needs stratification.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 23
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Viola biflora habit picture by Jani Zadrgal (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora habit picture by grutz (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora habit picture by francois tissot (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Viola biflora leaf picture by Rohweder Karsten (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora leaf picture by Rohweder Karsten (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora leaf picture by Giovanni Scarmoncin (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Viola biflora flower picture by roberto (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora flower picture by Matthias Hille (cc-by-sa)
Viola biflora flower picture by Simon Kiener (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Viola biflora world distribution map, present in Afghanistan, Andorra, Argentina, American Samoa, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bhutan, Canada, Switzerland, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, Finland, France, Croatia, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Korea (Republic of), Liberia, Liechtenstein, Sri Lanka, North Macedonia, Myanmar, Montenegro, Mongolia, Norway, Nepal, Pakistan, Poland, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Province of China, Ukraine, and United States of America

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:867746-1
WFO ID wfo-0000426651
COL ID 7G3Q4
BDTFX ID 72106
INPN ID 129520
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Viola crassa Viola avatschensis Viola tayemonii Viola kanoi Viola nudicaulis Viola reniformis Viola schulzeana Viola manaslensis Viola chingiana Dischidium biflorum Viola biflora subsp. biflora Viola biflora var. nudicaulis Viola biflora var. hirsuta Viola biflora var. valdepilosa Viola biflora var. biflora Viola biflora var. acuminata Viola wallichiana subsp. brevicornis Viola crassa subsp. alpicola Viola crassa subsp. borealis Viola crassa subsp. yatsugatakeana Viola biflora subsp. avatschensis Viola crassa var. tayemonii Viola biflora var. akaishiensis Viola crassa var. alpicola Viola crassa var. borealis Viola crassa var. yatsugatakeana Viola biflora

Lower taxons

Viola biflora subsp. carlottae Viola biflora var. rockiana