Viola canina L.

Heath violet (en), Violette des chiens (fr)

Species

Angiosperms > Malpighiales > Violaceae > Viola

Characteristics

Plants perennial, caulescent, not stoloniferous, 2–40 cm. Stems 1–5, ascending to erect, glabrous, on caudex from subligneous rhizome. Leaves cauline; stipules linear to lanceolate, margins ± lacerate to subentire, points often gland-tipped, apex acute; petiole 0.3–2.5 cm, glabrous; blade ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.2–5.2 × 1–2.7 cm, base cordate or deeply cordate to truncate, margins crenate, eciliate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent on veins, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Peduncles 1–10 cm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent. Flowers: sepals lanceolate, margins eciliate, auricles 2–3 mm; petals usually blue-to gray-violet on both surfaces, rarely white, white basally, lower 3 dark violet-veined, lateral 2 bearded, lowest 15–25 mm, spur light yellow to light green or white, gibbous to usually elongated, 3–5 mm; style head beardless; cleistogamous flowers axillary. Capsules ovoid, 7.5–9 mm, glabrous. Seeds light to dark brown; 1.7–2.1 mm. 2n = 40.
More
A small plant. It grows 10-30 cm high and spreads 30-50 cm wide. It keeps growing from year to year. It is low and spreading. The leaves are dark green and have shallow teeth. The leaves are oval and pointed or heart shaped. They are 25 mm long. The flowers are mauve, purple or white. They are 18 mm wide. They have a pale yellow spur.
Life form perennial
Growth form herb
Growth support -
Foliage retention evergreen
Sexuality hermaphrodite
Pollination entomogamy
Spread myrmecochory
Mature width (meter) 0.3 - 0.5
Mature height (meter) 0.2 - 0.4
Root system rhizome
Rooting depth (meter) -
Root diameter (meter) -
Flower color
Blooming months -
Fruit color -
Fruiting months -
Nitrogen fixer -
Photosynthetic pathway c3

Environment

It is a temperate plant. It suits hardiness zones 6-9.
More
Heaths, dry grasslands, dunes and fens to 420 metres.
Light 4-9
Soil humidity 4-6
Soil texture 1-6
Soil acidity 3-6
Soil nutriment -
Hardiness (USDA) 6-8

Usage

Uses medicinal
Edible flowers leaves
Therapeutic use Tumor (unspecified), Expectorant (unspecified)
Human toxicity -
Animal toxicity -

Cultivation

Can be grown by divisions or seedlings. Seeds needs stratification.
Mode divisions seedlings
Germination duration (days) 14 - 21
Germination temperacture (C°) 18 - 23
Germination luminosity dark
Germination treatment stratification
Minimum temperature (C°) -
Optimum temperature (C°) -
Size -
Vigor -
Productivity -

Images

Habit

Viola canina habit picture by Olivier Brosseau (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina habit picture by Florian Scheibelreiter (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina habit picture by Thierry LE COM (cc-by-sa)

Leaf

Viola canina leaf picture by Olivier Brosseau (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina leaf picture by Concha Tormo (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina leaf picture by Hans Rudolf Oberholzer (cc-by-sa)

Flower

Viola canina flower picture by Sandra Jasper (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina flower picture by howells karen (cc-by-sa)
Viola canina flower picture by Olivier Brosseau (cc-by-sa)

Distribution

Viola canina world distribution map, present in France

Identifiers

LSID urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:294863-2
WFO ID wfo-0000426538
COL ID 5BGHP
BDTFX ID 72138
INPN ID 129529
Wikipedia (EN) Link
Wikipedia (FR) Link

Synonyms

Viola neglecta Viola schmidtiana Viola radicans Viola ericetorum Viola leucoceras Viola lucorum Viola apetala Viola pseudocanina Viola filipes Viola intermedia Viola albertina Viola cetia Viola flavicornis Viola ramosa Viola canina var. caulescens Viola canina

Lower taxons

Viola canina subsp. schultzii Viola canina subsp. montana